Table 1 Motorcyclist and crash characteristics in southern Klang Valley, Malaysia
Characteristics | Participants, n (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Facial injuries | Non-facial injuries | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
(n = 391) | (n = 364) | |||
Motorcycle user: | ||||
Pillion | 35 (9.0) | 48 (13.2) | Reference | - |
Rider | 356 (91.0) | 316 (86.8) | 1.55 (0.97-2.45) | 0.07 |
Gender: | ||||
Female | 30 (7.7) | 43 (11.8) | Reference | - |
Male | 361 (92.3) | 321 (88.2) | 1.61 (0.99-2.63) | 0.06 |
Age (in years): | ||||
<16 | 15 (3.8) | 26 (7.1) | Reference | - |
16-25 | 191 (48.8) | 155 (42.6) | 2.14 (1.09-4.17) | 0.03 |
26-35 | 85 (21.7) | 84 (23.1) | 1.75 (0.87-3.54) | 0.12 |
36-55 | 78 (19.9) | 85 (23.4) | 1.59 (0.79-3.22) | 0.20 |
>55 | 22 (5.6) | 14 (3.8) | 2.72 (1.08-6.86) | 0.03 |
Ethnic group: | ||||
Malay | 235 (60.1) | 233 (64.0) | Reference | - |
Chinese | 49 (12.5) | 48 (13.2) | 1.01 (0.65-1.57) | 0.96 |
Indian | 77 (19.7) | 58 (15.9) | 1.32 (0.90-1.94) | 0.16 |
Others | 30 (7.7) | 25 (6.9) | 1.19 (0.68-2.09) | 0.54 |
Monthly income (in Ringgit Malaysia): | ||||
≤1 k (incl. no income0029 | 176 (45.0) | 173 (47.5) | Reference | - |
>1 k | 164 (41.9) | 156 (42.9) | 1.03 (0.76-1.40) | 0.83 |
No information | 51 (31.0) | 35 (9.6) | 1.43 (0.89-2.31) | 0.14 |
Motorcycle engine capacity (cc): | ||||
≤200 | 378 (96.7) | 343 (94.2) | Reference | - |
>200 | 5 (1.3) | 7 (1.9) | 0.65 (0.20-2.06) | 0.65 |
No information | 8 (2.0) | 14 (3.8) | 0.52 (0.22-1.25) | 0.52 |
Alcohol and illicit substance intake: | ||||
No | 254 (65.0) | 297 (81.6) | Reference | - |
Yes | 61 (15.6) | 24 (6.6) | 2.97 (1.80-4.91) | <0.001 |
Unknown | 76 (19.4) | 43 (11.8) | 2.07 (1.37-3.11) | 0.001 |
Type of road: | ||||
Intracity | 113 (28.9) | 105 (28.8) | Reference | - |
Highway | 100 (25.6) | 73 (20.1) | 1.27 (0.85-1.90) | 0.24 |
Residential | 87 (22.3) | 83 (22.8) | 1.06 (0.68-1.67) | 0.79 |
Federal road | 63 (16.1) | 55 (15.1) | 0.97 (0.65-1.46) | 0.90 |
Rural | 18 (4.6) | 31 (8.5) | 0.54 (0.29-1.02) | 0.60 |
Others | 10 (2.6) | 17 (4.7) | 0.55 (0.24-1.25) | 0.15 |
Road configuration: | ||||
Straight | 211 (54.0) | 175 (48.1) | Reference | - |
Intersection | 109 (27.9) | 104 (28.6) | 0.87 (0.62-1.22) | 0.41 |
Bend | 56 (14.3) | 65 (17.9) | 0.72 (0.47-1.08) | 0.11 |
Others | 15 (3.8) | 20 (5.5) | 0.62 (0.31-1.25) | 0.18 |
Time of crash (hours): | ||||
0000-0559 | 64 (16.4) | 46 (12.6) | Reference | - |
0600-1159 | 113 (28.9) | 91 (25.0) | 0.89 (0.56-1.43) | 0.63 |
1200-1759 | 109 (27.9) | 115 (31.6) | 0.68 (0.43-1.08) | 0.10 |
1800-2359 | 101 (25.8) | 104 (28.6) | 0.70 (0.44-1.11) | 0.13 |
No information | 4 (1.0) | 8 (2.2) | 0.36 (0.10-1.27) | 0.11 |
Type of colliding vehicle (first vehicle only): | ||||
No vehicle | 124 (31.7) | 112 (30.8) | Reference | - |
Two-wheel vehicles | 28 (7.2) | 27 (7.4) | 0.94 (0.52-1.69) | 0.83 |
Four-wheel vehicles | 189 (48.3) | 209 (57.4) | 0.82 (0.59-1.13) | 0.22 |
Larger vehicles | 31 (7.9) | 6 (1.6) | 4.67 (1.88-11.60) | 0.001 |
Unknown | 19 (4.9) | 10 (2.7) | 1.72 (0.77-3.85) | 0.19 |
Collision type (first collision): | ||||
Single crash | 124 (31.7) | 112 (30.8) | Reference | - |
Frontal | 136 (34.8) | 99 (27.2) | 1.24 (0.86-1.79) | 0.25 |
Side | 71 (18.2) | 98 (26.9) | 0.54 (0.29-1.00) | 0.05 |
Rear end | 19 (4.9) | 32 (8.8) | 0.65 (0.44-0.97) | 0.04 |
Others | 41 (10.5) | 23 (6.3) | 1.61 (0.91-2.85) | 0.10 |
Posted speed (km/hr): | ||||
≤50 | 32 (8.2) | 54 (14.8) | Reference | - |
>50 | 356 (91.0) | 309 (84.9) | 1.94 (1.22-3.09) | 0.05 |
No information | 3 (0.8) | 1 (0.3) | 5.06 (0.51-50.75) | 0.17 |
Pre-crash speed (km/hr): | ||||
≤50 | 67 (17.1) | 116 (31.9) | Reference | - |
>50 | 194 (49.6) | 193 (53.0) | 1.74 (1.21-2.50) | 0.003 |
No information | 130 (33.2) | 55 (15.1) | 4.09 (2.65-6.33) | <0.001 |