Table 2 Helmet characteristics in cases and controls
Characteristics | Participants, n (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Facial injuries | Non-facial injuries | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
(n = 391) | (n = 364) | |||
Helmet use: | ||||
Yes | 347 (88.7) | 334 (91.8) | Reference | - |
No | 29 (7.4) | 19 (5.2) | 1.47 (0.81-2.67) | 0.21 |
Unknown | 15 (3.8) | 11 (3.0) | 1.31 (0.59-2.90) | 0.50 |
Helmet type: | ||||
Full-face | 6 (1.5) | 12 (3.3) | Reference | - |
Half-head & open-face | 304 (77.7) | 293 (80.5) | 2.08 (0.77-5.60) | 0.15 |
Tropical | 18 (4.6) | 21 (5.8) | 1.71 (0.54-5.50) | 0.36 |
Not wearing a helmet | 29 (7.4) | 19 (5.2) | 3.50 (0.98-9.53) | 0.06 |
Unknown | 34 (8.7) | 19 (5.2) | 3.58 (1.16-11.07) | 0.03 |
SIRIM certification: | ||||
SIRIM certified | 264 (67.5) | 271 (74.5) | Reference | - |
No SIRIM certification | 17 (4.3) | 22 (6.0) | 0.79 (0.41-1.53) | 0.49 |
Not wearing a helmet | 29 (7.4) | 19 (5.2) | 1.60 (1.09-2.36) | 0.02 |
Unknown | 81 (20.7) | 52 (14.3) | 1.57 (0.86-2.86) | 0.14 |
Type of visor: | ||||
Integrated | 72 (18.4) | 93 (25.5) | Reference | - |
Added-on | 162 (41.4) | 190 (52.2) | 1.10 (0.76-1.60) | 0.61 |
Helmet without a visor | 22 (5.6) | 21 (5.8) | 1.35 (0.69-2.65) | 0.38 |
Not wearing a helmet | 29 (7.4) | 19 (5.2) | 1.97 (1.02-3.80) | 0.04 |
No information | 106 (27.1) | 41 (11.3) | 3.34 (2.08-5.36) | 0.00 |
Helmet fixation: | ||||
Fixed on head | 162 (41.4) | 220 (60.4) | Reference | - |
Came off | 105 (26.9) | 62 (17.0) | 2.30 (1.58-3.34) | <0.001 |
Not wearing a helmet | 29 (7.4) | 19 (5.2) | 2.07 (1.12-3.83) | 0.02 |
No information | 95 (24.3) | 63 (17.3) | 2.05 (1.40-2.99) | <0.001 |
*Age of helmet (years): | ||||
≤3 | 163 (61.7) | 176 (56.1) | Reference | - |
>3 | 30 (11.4) | 45 (14.3) | 0.70 (0.42-1.16) | 0.17 |
Not wearing a helmet | 24 (9.1) | 19 (6.1) | 1.36 (0.72-2.58) | 0.34 |
No information | 47 (17.8) | 74 (23.6) | 0.70 (0.46-1.07) | 0.10 |
*Helmet size: | ||||
55–58 (small-medium) | 74 (28.0) | 94 (29.9) | Reference | - |
59-62 (large-extra large) | 164 (62.1) | 197 (62.7) | 1.06 (0.73-1.53) | 0.77 |
Not wearing a helmet | 24 (9.1) | 19 (6.1) | 1.61 (0.82-3.15) | 0.17 |
No information | 2 (0.8) | 4 (1.3) | 0.64 90.11-3.56) | 0.61 |
*Chin-strap distance: | ||||
0–2 fingerbreadth | 185 (70.1) | 246 (78.3) | Reference | - |
>2 fingerbreadth | 28 (10.6) | 28 (8.9) | 1.33 (0.76-2.32) | 0.32 |
Did not strap | 8 (3.0) | 5 (1.6) | 2.13 (0.69-6.61) | 0.19 |
Not wearing a helmet | 24 (9.1) | 19 (6.1) | 1.68 (0.89-3.16) | 0.11 |
No information | 19 (7.2) | 16 (5.1) | 1.58 (0.79-3.15) | 0.20 |