Table 5 Mean emergency department distress scores (0–52 scale) for younger and older adults by patient and collision characteristics

Sex

Female

560

21.1 (20.3,21.9)

52

16.9 (14.5,19.3)

Male

369

16.3 (15.3,17.2)

44

13.9 (11.2,16.7)

Education

8-11 years

42

24.4 (21.3,27.5)

11

17.4 (11.9,22.9)

High school

178

20.2 (18.8,21.7)

20

14.0 (9.65,18.4)

Post high school

360

19.9 (18.9,20.9)

28

15.8 (12.4,19.2)

College grad

235

17.6 (16.3,18.9)

29

17.5 (13.6,21.5)

Post grad

112

16.9 (15.3,18.5)

17

13.0 (9.6,16.5)

Pain catastrophizing

Yes

408

22.0 (21.2,23.0)

32

19.9 (17.0,22.7)

No

510

16.8 (16.0,17.7)

64

13.4 (11.2,15.5)

Depressive symptoms

Yes

190

22.7 (21.2,24.2)

23

18.9 (15.8,21.9)

No

737

18.3 (17.6,19.0)

69

14.1 (11.9,16.2)

Driver

Yes

801

19.4 (18.7,20.1)

79

15.3 (13.3,17.3)

No

133

17.7 (16.0,19.4)

15

16.8 (12.3,21.3)

Rear-ended

Yes

337

17.0 (16.0,18.0)

26

17.5 (13.5,21.5)

No

592

20.4 (19.6,21.2)

70

14.8 (12.8,16.8)

Damage severity

Severe

497

21.2 (20.3,22.1)

35

16.5 (13.2,19.8)

Moderate

277

18.0 (16.8,19.1)

43

15.2 (12.6,17.8)

No or minor

125

14.1 (12.5,15.7)

11

13.9 (9.0,18.8)