Table 1 Demographic information of studies included in the meta-analysis
Study | Year | Country | Study type | Intoxication agent | Age | Sex | Sample size | Initial dose | Participants | Score of quality assessment* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selection | Comparability | Outcome | ||||||||||
BahramiMotlagh (17) | 2018 | Iran | Cross-sectional | MET | 31.70 ± 9.1 | 66(94)M 5(6)F | 70 | 3.7 ± 3.1 g | Dec 2012 and July 2014-Blood sampling was at the arrival time in hospital. | **** | ** | * |
Ismail (23) | 2018 | Egypt | Cross-sectional | Tramadol | 27.12 ± 8.45 | 89(89)M 11(11)F | 100 | 1.66 ± 0.4 g | July 2016 to Feb 2018- Patients with history of chronic liver or renal disease were also excluded. | ***** | ** | ** |
Isoardi (21) | 2020 | Australia | Prospective observational series | MET | 30.75 ± 1.2 | 41(85)M 7(15)F | 48 | NA | Dec 2017 to Sep 2018- Baseline blood test. | **** | * | *** |
Mohammadpour (12) | 2019 | Iran | Cross-sectional | Tramadol | 24.75 ± 6.02 | 82(68)M 39(32)F | 121 | 433.1 ± 379.5 g/ml | Mar 2016 to Mar 2017- Initial blood sample, these people also did not have any particular renal and heart failure. | **** | ** | * |
Rahimi (19) | 2014 | Iran | Retrospective descriptive | Tramadol | 23.7 ± 6.9 | 111(77)M 33(23)F | 144 | 1971.3 ± 233.4 mg | Jan to April 2012- Laboratory findings on admission time. co‑ingestion, unknown dose, onset seizure before admission, past medical history of epilepsy or drug/substance abuse were exclusion | ***** | ** | ** |
Rahimi (18) | 2018 | Iran | Cross- sectional | MET | 32.9 ± 10.9 | 174(77)M 52(23)F | 226 | 1.64 ± 1.59 g | April 2011 to Mar 2014- Baseline laboratory results-The patients with co-ingestion, or those discharged against medical advice were excluded. | ***** | * | ** |
Richards (20) | 2020 | USA | Retrospective review | MET | 43.0 ± 12 | 676(71)M 281(29)F | 957 | NA | July 1, 2012, to July 1, 2017-Initial time blood sample | ***** | ** | *** |
Suriyaprom (22) | 2011 | Thailand | Cross-sectional | MET | 33.0 ± 1.8 | 60(100)M | 60 | NA | During 3 years, venous blood sample 12 h after admission, excluded any chronic illness or other than MA substance dependence. | **** | ** | ** |
Tashakori (8) | 2010 | Iran | Case series | Tramadol | 22.6 ± 7.4 | 99(63)M 59(37)F | 158 | 1490.3 ± 1234.7 mg | Sep 1, 2006 to Aug 31, 2007- Initial biochemistry results, excluded with a history of seizure, cardiac, or kidney disorder. | ***** | ** | ** |