Table 4 Meta-evidence judgment based on the GRADE*
Tramadol or methamphetamine compared to no comparison group for renal dysfunction | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient or population: renal dysfunction, Setting: Emergency Department, Exposure: tramadol or methamphetamine Comparison: no comparison group | |||||
Outcomes | Number of participants (studies) Follow-up | Certainty of the evidence (GRADE*) | Relative effect (95% CI) | Anticipated absolute effects | |
Risk with no comparison group | Risk difference with tramadol or methamphetamine | ||||
BUN (tramadol) assessed with: mg/dl | 523 (4 observational studies) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate | - | BUN ranged from 6–24 mg/dl | mean 29.85 mg/dl higher (21.25 higher to 38.45 higher) |
BUN (methamphetamine ) assessed with: mg/dl | 1135 (4 observational studies) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderatea | - | BUN ranged from 6–24 mg/dl | mean 31.64 mg/dl higher (12.71 higher to 50.57 higher) |
Creatinine (tramadol) assessed with: mg/dl | 523 (4 observational studies) | ⨁⨁◯◯ Low | - | creatinine ranged from 0.7–1.3 md/dl | mean 1.04 md/dl higher (0.84 higher to 1.25 higher) |
Creatinine (methamphetamine) assessed with: mg/dl | 1135 (4 observational studies) | ⨁⨁◯◯ Low | - | creatinine ranged from 0.7–1.3 mg/dl | mean 1.35 mg/dl higher (1.13 higher to 1.56 higher) |
CPK (tramadol) assessed with: u/l | 302 (2 observational studies) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate | - | CPK ranged from 20–200 u/l | mean 397.68 u/l higher (376.42 higher to 418.94 higher) |
CPK (methamphetamine) assessed with: u/l | 1301 (4 observational studies) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderateb | - | CPK ranged from 20–200 u/l | mean 909.87 u/l higher (549.98 higher to 1269.76 higher) |
*The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: confidence interval | |||||
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect. Very low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect. | |||||