Table 5 Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis result for significant variables among adult patients treated for traumatic brain injury attending comprehensive specialized hospitals of Amhara regional state, Ethiopia 2021 (n = 483)

Oxygen saturation

Normal

215(44.5%)

77(16%)

1

1

Hypoxia

98(20.2%)

93(19.3%)

2.65(1.8–3.89)

4.615(2.608–8.169)

.001

Sex

Male

186

110

1.25(0.85–1.84)

1.560(.985–2.469)

.058

Female

127

60

1

1

Mechanism of injury

RTA

109(22.5%)

72(15%)

1.39(0.82–2.33)

1.888(.891–4.002)

.097

Assault

83(17.2%)

34(7%)

0.86(0.48–1.54)

1.892(.873–4.102)

.106

Fall down

56(11.6%)

33(6.8%)

1.24(0.67–2.27)

1.313(.600–2.873)

.496

Others

65(13.5%)

31(6.4%)

1

1

GCS On admission

 < 8

91(20.2%)

58(15.8%)

2.2(1.34–3.61)

2.142(1.196–3.836)

0.01

9–12

98(18.8%)

76(12%)

2.67(1.66–4.3)

2.276(1.308–3.960)

.004

13–15

124(25.7%)

36(7.4%)

1

1

Pupillary reactivity

Normal

159(33%)

62(12.8%)

1

1

Unilateral abnormality

67(13.9%)

45(9.3%)

1.72(1.07–2.78)

.842(.430–1.647)

.616

Bilateral abnormality

87(18%)

63(13%)

1.86(1.2–2.88)

.827(.423–1.618)

.579

Additional injury

Yes

151(31.3%)

99(20.5%)

1.5(1.03–2.18)

4.844(2.532–9.267)

.001

No

162(33.5%)

71(14.7%)

1

1

Battle sign

Positive

51(10.5%)

41(8.5%)

1.63(1.03–2.59)

1.472(.802–2.701)

.212

Negative

262(54.2%)

129(26.8%)

1

1

Respiratory condition

12–20

155(32%)

38(8%)

1

1

 > 12

82(17%)

65(13.4%)

3.23(2.0–5.23)

6.879(3.160–14.9)

.001

 < 12

76(15.7%)

67(13.9%)

3.6(2.22–5.83)

7.266(3.367–15.6)

.001

Blood pressure status

Normal

135(28%)

49(10.1%)

1

1

Hypertension

76(15.8%)

50(10.3%)

1.81(1.12–2.94)

2.017(.890–4.573)

.093

Hypotension

102(21%)

71(14.7%)

1.92(1.23–2.99)

.582(.299–1.133)

.111

CSF leakage

Normal

230(47.7%)

97(20%)

1

1

Rhinorrhea

31(6.4%)

34(7.1%)

2.6(1.51–4.47)

1.980(.975–4.020)

.059

Othorrhea

52(10.7%)

39(8.1%)

1.78(1.1–2.87)

2.884(1.417–5.870)

.003

Time of arrival

 < 1 h

95(19.6%)

33(6.9%)

1

1

1–4 h

61(12.6%)

45(9.3%)

2.12(1.22–3.69)

1.805(.943–3.454)

.074

4–24 h

76(15.7%)

41(8.5%)

1.55(0.9–2.69)

1.015(.508–2.027)

.967

 > 24 h

81(16.8%)

51(10.5%)

1.81(1.07–3.08)

2.041(1.073–3.882)

0.03