Table 1 Participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics and their relationships with ROSC and CPR–discharge survival
Characteristics\CPR outcomes | Total N (%) | ROSC | P valuea | CPR–discharge survival | P valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||
Gender | Female | 450 (35.91) | 381 (84.67) | 69 (15.33) | 0.994 | 438 (97.33) | 12 (2.67) | 0.087* |
Male | 803 (64.09) | 680 (84.68) | 123 (15.32) | 768 (95.64) | 35 (4.36) | |||
Age (Years) | 16–24 | 40 (3.19) | 33 (82.5) | 7 (17.5) | < 0.001* | 35 (87.5) | 5 (12.5) | 0.013* |
25–44 | 133 (10.61) | 98 (73.68) | 35 (26.32) | 122 (91.73) | 11 (8.27) | |||
45–64 | 373 (29.76) | 308 (82.57) | 65 (17.43) | 358 (95.98) | 15 (4.02) | |||
> 65 | 707 (56.42) | 622 (87.98) | 85 (12.02) | 691 (97.74) | 16 (2.26) | |||
Cause of cardiac arrest | COVID-19 | 487)40.35) | 443 (90.96) | 44 (9.04) | N/Ab | 477 (97.95) | 10 (2.05) | 0.001* |
COVID-19 and poisoning | 4 (0.33) | 4 (100) | 0 (0) | 4 (100) | 0 (0) | |||
Poisoning | 59 (4.89) | 39 (66.10) | 20 (33.90) | 49 (83.05) | 10 (16.95) | |||
Myocardial infarction | 262 (21.70) | 209 (79.77) | 53 (20.23) | 246 (93.89) | 16 (6.11) | |||
Cerebrovascular accident | 62 (5.14) | 54 (87.10) | 8 (12.90) | 62 (100) | 0 (0) | |||
Internal diseases | 182 (15.08) | 145 (79.67) | 37 (20.33) | 63 (100) | 0 (0) | |||
Sepsis | 63 (5.22) | 60 (95.24) | 3 (4.76) | 180 (98.90) | 2 (1.10) | |||
Surgical complications | 25 (2.07) | 17 (68) | 8 (32) | 24 (96) | 1 (4) | |||
Multiple trauma | 42 (3.48) | 29 (69.05) | 13 (30.95) | 35 (83.33) | 7 (16.67) | |||
Other | 21 (1.74) | 18 (85.71) | 3 (14.29) | 20 (95.24) | 1 (4.76) | |||
COVID-19 Affliction | Yes | 491 (40.68) | 447 (91.04) | 44 (8.96) | < 0.001* | 481 (97.96) | 10 (2.04) | 0.708 |
No | 716 (59.32) | 571 (79.75) | 145 (20.25) | 679 (94.83) | 37 (5.17) | |||
Underlying disease | Yes | 749 (65) | 643 (85.85) | 106 (14.15) | 0.012* | 728 (97.19) | 21 (2.81) | 0.073* |
No | 403 (35) | 323 (80.15) | 80 (19.85) | 378 (93.80) | 25 (6.20) | |||
Type of cardiac arrest | In-hospital | 986 (78.69) | 830 (84.18) | 156 (15.82) | 0.347 | 948 (96.15) | 38 (3.85) | 0.936 |
Out-of-hospital | 267 (21.31) | 231 (86.52) | 36 (13.48) | 258 (96.63) | 9 (3.37) | |||
Baseline rhythm | Ventricular tachycardia | 16 (1.3) | 7 (43.75) | 9 (56.25) | < 0.001* | 12 (75) | 4 (25) | 0.006* |
Ventricular fibrillation | 40 (3.2) | 28 (70) | 12 (30) | 36 (90) | 4 (10) | |||
Asystole | 961 (76.9) | 816 (84.91) | 145 (15.09) | 934 (97.19) | 27 (2.81) | |||
Bradycardia | 219 (17.50) | 194 (88.58) | 25 (11.42) | 207 (94.52) | 12 (5.48) | |||
Pulseless electrical activity | 13 (1) | 12 (92.31) | 1 (7.69) | 13 (100) | 0 (0) | |||
CPR time | 08:00–14:00 | 307 (24.50) | 255 (83.06) | 52 (16.94) | 0.117 | 296 (96.42) | 11 (3.58) | 0.178 |
14:01–20:00 | 383 (30.57) | 325 (84.86) | 58 (15.14) | 363 (94.78) | 20 (5.22) | |||
20:01–24:00 | 224 (17.88) | 182 (81.25) | 42 (18.75) | 217 (96.88) | 7 (3.12) | |||
00:01–07:59 | 339 (27.06) | 299 (88.20) | 40 (11.80) | 330 (97.35) | 9 (2.65) | |||
Airway management technique | Endotracheal tube | 1240 (99.1) | 1050 (84.68) | 190 (15.32) | 0.390 | 1193 (96.21) | 47 (3.79) | 1.000 |
Tracheostomy | 2 (0.2) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 2 (100) | 0 (0) | |||
Face mask | 9 (0.7) | 8 (88.89) | 1 (11.11) | 9 (100) | 0 (0) | |||
Epinephrine delay | Yes | 293 (23.52) | 262 (89.42) | 31 (10.58) | 0.009* | 286 (97.61) | 7 (2.39) | 0.788 |
No | 953 (76.48) | 792 (83.11) | 161 (16.89) | 913 (95.80) | 40 (4.20) | |||
Epinephrine administration Intervals | < 3 min | 120 (9.72) | 71 (59.17) | 49 (40.83) | < 0.001* | 103 (85.83) | 17 (14.17) | 0.110 |
3–5 min | 381 (30.85) | 281 (73.75) | 100 (26.25) | 362 (95.01) | 19 (4.99) | |||
> 5 min | 734 (59.43) | 691 (94.14) | 43 (5.86) | 723 (98.50) | 11 (1.50) | |||
Level of consciousness at hospital admission | Conscious | 354 (29.26) | 294 (83.05) | 60 (16.95) | 0.711 | 341 (96.33) | 13 (3.67) | 0.057* |
Verbal response | 228 (18.84) | 194 (85.9) | 34 (14.91) | 223 (97.81) | 5 (2.19) | |||
Responsive to painful stimulation | 253 (20.91) | 211 (83.40) | 42 (16.60) | 236 (93.28) | 17 (6.72) | |||
Unresponsive | 375 (30.99) | 322 (85.87) | 53 (14.13) | 364 (97.07) | 11 (2.93) | |||
Type of underlying disease | 1. Hypertension | 91 (12.15) | 77 (84.62) | 14 (15.38) | N/Ab | 87 (95.60) | 4 (4.40) | 0.456 |
2. Diabetes mellitus | 75 (10.01) | 66 (88) | 9 (12) | 74 (98.67) | 1 (1.33) | |||
3. Cancer | 140 (18.69) | 115 (82.15) | 25 (17.85) | 138 (98.57) | 2 (1.43) | |||
4. Ischemic heart disease | 72 (9.61) | 64 (88.89) | 8 (11.11) | 70 (97.22) | 2 (2.78) | |||
5. 1, 2, and hyperlipidemia | 44 (5.87) | 38 (86.36) | 6 (13.64) | 42 (95.45) | 2 (4.55) | |||
6. 1, 2, and 3 | 4 (0.53) | 2 (50) | 2 (50) | 4 (100) | 0 (0) | |||
7. 1, 2, and 4 | 52 (6.94) | 43 (82.69) | 9 (17.31) | 51 (98.08) | 1 (1.92) | |||
8. 1 and 4 | 65 (8.68) | 54 (83.08) | 11 (16.92) | 60 (92.31) | 5 (7.69) | |||
9. Chronic renal failure and organ transplantation | 69 (9.21) | 57 (82.61) | 12 (17.39) | 66 (95.65) | 3 (4.35) | |||
10. Cerebrovascular accident | 24 (3.20) | 21 (87.50) | 3 (12.50) | 24 (100) | 0 (0) | |||
11. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 29 (3.87) | 27 (93.10) | 2 (6.90) | 29 (100) | 0 (0) | |||
Other | 84 (11.21) | 79 (94.04) | 5 (5.95) | 83 (98.81) | 1 (1.19) | |||