Table 1 Baseline patient characteristics

Age, years, mean ± SD

40.8 ± 14.6

69.6 ± 2.9

83.6 ± 5.7

56.2 ± 22.5

Sex, male

20,794 (73.0)

3,430 (55.7)

4,936 (38.0)

29,200 (61.3)

Comorbidities, ≥ 1

8,870 (31.1)

4,432 (55.8)

8,940 (69.8)

21,242 (45.6)

 Missing data

3,228 (11.3)

379 (6.2)

517 (4.0)

4,134 (8.7)

Transfer from another hospital

7,624 (26.7)

1,716 (27.9)

2,452 (18.9)

11,792 (24.7)

Trauma mechanism

 Motor vehicle collision

10,984 (38.5)

1,117 (18.1)

1217 (9.4)

13,318 (27.9)

 Fall

10,787 (37.9)

4,497 (73.1)

11,264 (86.6)

26,548 (55.7)

 Penetrating

2,336 (8.2)

110 (1.8)

69 (0.5)

2,515 (5.3)

 Other

4,395 (15.4)

432 (7.0)

453 (3.5)

5,280 (11.1)

Emergency department clinical assessment

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

131.3 (23.5)

141.8 (27.3)

147.9 (27.6)

136.6 (26.9)

  Missing data

741 (1.6)

90 (0.2)

140 (0.3)

981 (2.1)

 Glasgow coma scale

  13–15

12,518 (43.9)

2,891 (47.0)

6,714 (51.6)

22,123 (46.4)

  9–12

914 (3.2)

163 (2.6)

357 (2.7)

1,434 (3)

   ≤ 8

2,194 (7.7)

380 (6.2)

636 (4.9)

3,210 (6.8)

  Missing data

12,876 (45.2)

2,722 (44.2)

5,296 (40.7)

20,894 (43.8)

 Severe TBI, n (%)

1303 (2.73)

212 (0.44)

270 (0.56)

1785 (3.74)

 Injury severity score, median [IQR]

10 [5–20]

9 [5–20]

9 [4–16]

9 [5–18]

   > 12

12,768 (44.8)

2,718 (44.1)

4,381 (33.7)

19,867 (41,68)

  Missing data

39 (0.1)

5 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

44 (0.1)

 Total time in the ED, hours

7.6 [3.8–17.3]

11.8 [5.2–24.8]

20 [8.3–34]

10.4 [4.7–23]

 In-hospital length, days

7 [4–14]

10 [5–19]

13 [7–24]

9 [4–18]

 ICU admission

8,993 (31.6)

1,855 (30.1)

2,525 (19.4)

13,373 (28.1)

 In-hospital mortality

1,121 (3.9)

496 (8.1)

1,527 (11.7)

3,144 (6.6)

 Time between trauma and death, days

3.2 [1.2–9.2]

5 [1.5.2–15.7]

7.4 [2.7–17.5]

5.3 [1.9–14.3]