Table 1 Demographic and clinical outcomes characteristics of the patients stratified by CPR start time (NFT)
Variables and outcomes | Total (n = 48) | CPR start time; (NFT) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤ 5 min (n = 28) | > 5 min (n = 20) | ||||
Age, (years) # | (Mean ± SD) | 41.88 ± 11.5 | 40.39 ± 12.66 | 43.20 ± 9.83 | 0.506 |
Gender, n (%) †| Male | 36 (75) | 18 (64.3) | 18 (90) | 0.042* |
| Â | Female | 12 (25) | 10 (35.7) | 2 (10) | Â |
Nationality, n (%) †| Middle-East/Africa | 18 (37.5) | 12 (42.9) | 6 (30) | 0.364 |
| Â | Asian/South Asian | 30 (62.5) | 16 (57.1) | 14 (70) | Â |
Body Mass Index # | (Mean ± SD) | 26.52 ± 5.23 | 26.82 ± 6.06 | 26.11 ± 3.91 | 0.650 |
Severity of disease, | SOFA score | 12.21 ± 3.74 | 12.21 ± 3.45 | 12.20 ± 4.2 | 0.990 |
(Mean ± SD) # | APACHE II score | 29.44 ± 7.62 | 29.54 ± 7.62 | 29.30 ± 7.82 | 0.917 |
Comorbidities †| yes (%) | 19 (39.6) | 12 (42.9) | 7 (35) | 0.583 |
Types of comorbidities †| Prior Ischemic heart disease | 6 (12.5) | 5 (17.9) | 1 (5) | 0.191 |
| Â | Dyslipidemia | 3 (6.3) | 3 (10.7) | 0 | 0.189 |
| Â | Diabetes | 10 (20.8) | 4 (14.3) | 6 (30) | 0.168 |
| Â | Hypertension | 7 (14.6) | 6 (21.4) | 1 (5) | 0.118 |
| Â | Congestive heart failure | 1 (2.1) | 1 (3.6) | 0 | 0.583 |
| Â | Chronic respiratory disease | 3 (6.3) | 3 (10.7) | 0 | 0.189 |
Cardiac arrest location †| In hospital (IHCA) | 11 (22.9) | 11 (39.3) | 0 | 0.001* |
| Â | Out-of-hospital (OHCA) | 37 (77.1) | 17 (60.7) | 20 (100) | Â |
Bystander-witnessed †| yes (%) | 45 (93.8) | 27 (96.4) | 18 (90) | 0.364 |
Bystander CPR †| yes (%) | 47 (97.9) | 28 (100) | 19 (95) | 0.232 |
Initial shockable rhythm †| yes (%) | 16 (33.3) | 15 (53.6) | 1 (5) | < 0.001* |
Collapse-to-ECPR # | (Mean ± SD) | 45.81 ± 20.23 | 40.25 ± 20.60 | 53.60 ± 17.34 | 0.023* |
CPR-to-ECPR (LF time) # | (Mean ± SD) | 39.5 ± 19.63 | 36.43 ± 20.33 | 43.80 ± 18.24 | 0.203 |
Duration of CPR | < 30 min (%) | 16 (33.3) | 13 (46.4) | 3 (15) | 0.023* |
|  | > 30 min (%) | 32 (66.7) | 15 (53.6) | 17 (85) |  |
CPR duration (min) # | (Mean ± SD) | 45.08 ± 31.61 | 34.96 ± 23.63 | 59.25 ± 36.27 | 0.007* |
Type of ECMO †| Venovenous (VV) | 4 (8.3) | 1 (3.6) | 3 (15) | 0.189 |
| Â | Venoarterial (VA) | 44 (91.7) | 27 (96.4) | 17 (85) | Â |
ECPR location †| Emergency department (ED) | 33 (68.8) | 17 (60.7) | 16 (80) | 0.134 |
| Â | Intensive Care Unit (ICU) | 15 (31.3) | 11 (39.9) | 4 (20) | Â |
Cause of cardiac arrest †| Ischemic heart disease | 21 (43.8) | 13 (46.4) | 8 (40) | 0.863 |
| Â | Pulmonary embolism | 6 (12.5) | 3 (10.7) | 3 (15) | Â |
| Â | Others | 21 (43.8) | 12 (42.9) | 9 (45) | Â |
ECMO length of stay ‡ | Median (IQR) | 1.5 (1–4) | 3 (1–5) | 1 (1–2) | 0.019* |
ICU length of stay ‡ | Median (IQR) | 3 (1-9.75) | 7.5 (1.25–20.75) | 1 (1–3) | 0.002* |
Hospital length of stay‡ | Median (IQR) | 4 (1–12) | 8.5 (2-35.75) | 1 (1–4) | 0.001* |
28-day disability status †| No disability survivors | 5 (10.4) | 5 (17.9) | 0 | 0.001* |
| Â | Disability survivors | 9 (18.8) | 9 (32.1) | 0 | Â |
| Â | Non-survivors | 34 (70.8) | 14 (50) | 20 (100) | Â |
28-day neurological status †| Good recovery survivors | 9 (18.8) | 9 (32.1) | 0 | 0.001* |
| Â | Poor recovery survivors | 5 (10.4) | 5 (17.9) | 0 | Â |
| Â | Non-survivors | 34 (70.8) | 14 (50) | 20 (100) | Â |
ECMO Survival †| yes (%) | 17 (35.4) | 16 (57.1) | 1 (5) | < 0.001* |
24-h Survival †| yes (%) | 31 (64.6) | 22 (78.9) | 9 (45) | 0.017* |
28-day Survival †| yes (%) | 14 (29.2) | 14 (50) | 0 | < 0.001* |