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Table 2 Demographic and clinical outcomes characteristics of the patients stratified by CPR to ECPR time (LFT)

From: Prognostic effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) start time and the interval between CPR to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) on patient outcomes under extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): a single-center, retrospective observational study

Variables and outcomes

Total

(n = 48)

CPR to ECRP; (LFT)

P-value

≤ 36 min

(n = 24)

> 36 min

(n = 24)

Age, (years) #

(Mean ± SD)

41.88 ± 11.5

43.08 ± 12.55

40.67 ± 10.48

0.473

Gender, n (%) †

Male

36 (75)

16 (66.7)

20 (83.3)

0.159

 

Female

12 (25)

8 (33.3)

4 (16.7)

 

Nationality, n (%) †

Middle-East/Africa

18 (37.5)

9 (37.5)

9 (37.5)

0.999

 

Asian/South Asian

30 (62.5)

15 (62.5)

15 (62.5)

 

Body Mass Index #

(Mean ± SD)

26.52 ± 5.23

24.85 ± 3.98

28.19 ± 5.86

0.026*

Severity of disease,

SOFA score

12.21 ± 3.74

12.04 ± 3.22

12.38 ± 4.26

0.761

(Mean ± SD) #

APACHE II score

29.44 ± 7.62

29.17 ± 8.24

29.71 ± 7.12

0.809

Comorbidities †

yes (%)

19 (39.6)

9 (37.5)

10 (41.7)

0.768

Types of comorbidities †

Prior Ischemic heart disease

6 (12.5)

2 (8.3)

4 (16.7)

0.333

 

Dyslipidemia

3 (6.3)

2 (8.3)

1 (4.2)

0.989

 

Diabetes

10 (20.8)

4 (16.7)

6 (25)

0.362

 

Hypertension

7 (14.6)

5 (20.8)

2 (8.3)

0.208

 

Congestive heart failure

1 (2.1)

0

1 (4.2)

0.877

 

Chronic respiratory disease

3 (6.3)

2 (8.3)

1 (4.2)

0.896

Cardiac arrest location †

In hospital (IHCA)

11 (22.9)

7 (29.2)

4 (16.7)

0.247

 

Out-of-hospital (OHCA)

37 (77.1)

17 (70.8)

20 (83.3)

 

Bystander-witnessed †

yes (%)

45 (93.8)

22 (91.7)

23 (95.8)

0.551

Bystander CPR †

yes (%)

47 (97.9)

23 (95.8)

24 (100)

0.312

Initial shockable rhythm †

yes (%)

16 (33.3)

11 (45.8)

5 (20.8)

0.066

Collapse-to-CPR (NF time) #

(Mean ± SD)

6.31 ± 3.37

5.96 ± 3.74

6.67 ± 2.98

0.473

Duration of CPR †

< 30 min (%)

16 (33.3)

13 (54.2)

3 (12.5)

0.002*

 

> 30 min (%)

32 (66.7)

11 (45.8)

21 (87.5)

 

CPR duration (min) #

(Mean ± SD)

45.08 ± 31.61

32.42 ± 33.54

57.75 ± 24.13

0.004*

Collapse-to-ECPR #

(Mean ± SD)

45.81 ± 20.25

30.54 ± 10.33

61.08 ± 15.60

< 0.001*

Type of ECMO †

Venovenous (VV)

4 (8.3)

3 (12.5)

1 (4.2)

0.609

 

Venoarterial (VA)

44 (91.7)

21 (87.5)

23 (95.8)

 

ECPR location †

Emergency department (ED)

33 (68.8)

14 (58.3)

19 (79.2)

0.106

 

Intensive Care Unit (ICU)

15 (31.3)

10 (41.7)

5 (20.8)

 

Cause of cardiac arrest †

Ischemic heart disease

21 (43.8)

9 (37.5)

12 (50)

0.319

 

Pulmonary embolism

6 (12.5)

2 (8.3)

4 (16.7)

 
 

Others

21 (43.8)

13 (54.2)

8 (33.3)

 

ECMO length of stay ‡

Median (IQR)

1.5 (1–4)

3 (1-5.75)

1 (1-2.75)

0.079

ICU length of stay ‡

Median (IQR)

3 (1-9.75)

6 (1-14.25)

1.5 (1-6.75)

0.199

Hospital length of stay ‡

Median (IQR)

4 (1–12)

6 (1-25.75)

1.5 (1-8.75)

0.157

28-day disability status †

No disability survivors

5 (10.4)

3 (12.5)

2 (8.3)

0.807

 

Disability survivors

9 (18.8)

5 (20.8)

4 (16.7)

 
 

Non-survivors

34 (70.8)

16 (66.7)

18 (75)

 

28-day neurological status†

Good recovery survivors

9 (18.8)

5 (20.8)

4 (16.7)

0.807

 

Poor recovery survivors

5 (10.4)

3 (12.5)

2 (8.3)

 
 

Non-survivors

34 (70.8)

16 (66.7)

18 (75)

 

ECMO Survival †

yes (%)

17 (35.4)

11 (45.8)

6 (25)

0.131

24-h Survival †

yes (%)

31 (64.6)

16 (66.7)

15 (62.5)

0.763

28-day Survival †

yes (%)

14 (29.2)

8 (33.3)

6 (25)

0.525

  1. * P < 0.05 considered as significantly, # t-test, † Chi-square test or Fisher exact test, ‡ Mann-Whitney test, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II), Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), Low flow time (LFT).
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BMC Emergency Medicine

ISSN: 1471-227X

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