Table 3 Summary of findings and certainty of evidence for included study outcomes
| Â | Summary of findings | Certainty of evidence | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No of participants (No of RCTs) | Effect size (95% CI) | Study design | Inconsistency | Imprecision | Certainty of evidence | |
Patient-flow | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Proportion of patients that had contact-time with clinicians of 20Â min or less | 260 (1) | Physician: 98% of patients Nurse: 86% of patients Physiotherapist: 77% of patients | Downgraded | Not assessed# | Downgraded | Very-low1 |
Pain (0-100) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
ED-discharge | 155 (2) | MD -10.9 (-24.8 to 2.9) | Downgraded | Downgraded | Downgraded | Very-low |
1-month | 163 (2) | MD -10.5 (-25.0 to 4.1) | Downgraded | Downgraded | Downgraded | Very-low |
3-months | 161 (2) | MD -8.1 (-24.7 to 8.6) | Downgraded | Downgraded | Downgraded | Very-low |
Disability | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
1-month | 386 (3) | SMD − 0.2 (-0.4 to 0.0) | Downgraded | Unchanged | Downgraded | Low |
3-months | 374 (3) | SMD − 0.2 (-0.4 to 0.0) | Downgraded | Unchanged | Downgraded | Low |
Inpatient admission | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Within 1-month | 186 (1) | Difference in proportions 4% (-18 to 9%) | Unchanged | Not assessed# | Downgraded | Very-low |
Re-presentation rate | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Within 1-month | 186 (1) | Difference in proportions 3.5% (-6 to 13%) | Unchanged | Downgraded | Very-low | |
Medication prescription | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
At ED-visit | 260 (1) | Physician: 42% of patients, Nurse: 23% of patients, Physiotherapist: 4% of patients | Downgraded | Downgraded | Very-low2 | |
76 (1) | Difference in proportions − 24% (-46% to -2%) | Downgraded | Downgraded | Very-low | ||
1-month | 76 (1) | Difference in proportions − 40% (-62% to -18%) | Downgraded | Downgraded | Very-low | |
3-months | 62 (1) | Difference in proportions − 11% (-29 to 9%) | Downgraded | Downgraded | Very-low | |
Recommended use of medications (over-the-counter medications) | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
At ED-visit | 76 (1) | Difference in proportions 59% (41 to 76%) | Downgraded | Downgraded | Very-low | |
1-month | 63 (1) | Difference in proportions -19% (-42 to 2%) | Downgraded | Downgraded | Very-low | |
3-months | 62 (1) | Difference in proportions -25% (-40% to -2%) | Downgraded | Downgraded | Very-low | |