Table 2 Prehospital demographics and treatments of patients before and after the COVID-19 pandemic

Witnessed by layperson

802/1947

(53.2)

1866/4706

(54.5)

0.51

Witnessed by EMS

110/1947

(5.6)

274/4706

(39.7)

Bystander CPR

842/1926

(43.7)

2118/4671

(45.3)

0.23

Bystander AED

41/1857

(2.2)

117/4499

(2.6)

0.36

Initial rhythm confirmed by EMS

0.13

 VF

150/1912

(7.8)

338/4587

(7.4)

 Pulseless VT

10/1912

(0.5)

12/4587

(0.3)

 PEA

466/1912

(24.4)

1056/4587

(23.0)

 Asystole

1146/1912

(59.9)

2881/4587

(62.8)

 Others

140/1912

(7.3)

300/4587

(6.5)

Rhythm change during transportation

 to VF

120/1757

(6.8)

321/4390

(7.3)

0.51

 to pulseless VT

23/1730

(1.3)

42/4361

(1.0)

0.21

 to PEA

350/1776

(19.7)

909/4406

(20.6)

0.41

 to asystole

450/1815

(24.8)

1126/4442

(25.3)

0.65

 to others

139/1737

(8.0)

287/4317

(6.6)

0.06

Prehospital treatment by EMS

 Defibrillation

234/1977

(11.8)

562/4673

(12.0)

0.83

 Intravenous access

745/1957

(38.1)

1920/4279

(40.6)

0.05

 Epinephrine

581/1948

(29.8)

1508/4717

(32.0)

0.09

 Bag valve mask

317/1731

(18.3)

707/3922

(18.7)

0.80

Advanced airway management by EMS

< 0.01

 Supraglottic airway device

898/1858

(25.8)

2095/4537

(46.2)

 Tracheal intubation

114/1858

(6.1)

425/4537

(9.4)

Mechanical chest compression

186/2015

(9.2)

574/5023

(11.4)

0.01

EMS response time, minutes

7.0

(5.0–9.0)

8.0

(6.0–10.0)

< 0.11

EMS scene time, minutes

14.0

(10.0–19.0)

15.0

(11.0–19.0)

0.21

EMS transport time, minutes

10.0

(7.0–15.0)

11.0

(7.0–16.0)

< 0.01

EMS call-to-hospital time, minutes

33.0

(27.0–40.0)

35.0

(29.0–43.0)

< 0.01

Rapid response car/helicopter

185/2015

(9.2)

319/5023

(6.4)

< 0.01

 Epinephrine

151/152

(99.3)

261/263

(99.2)

0.91

 Amiodarone

10/152

(6.6)

22/263

(8.4)

0.51

 Tracheal intubation

122/172

(70.9)

240/305

(78.7)

0.05