Table 1 Causes, mechanisms, and associated extra thoracic injuries among patients with traumatic chest injury across sub-Saharan Africa

Ethiopia 2020

44.5

34.9

2.2

18.4

64.1

35.9

27.6

34.9

9.9

48.4

192

Cross-sectional

27.6

[26]

Nigeria2004

38.46

45.76

10.34

5.44

38.46

61.53

2.6

12.8

1.6

20.5

78

Cross-sectional

2.56

[25]

Nigeria 1981

73.1

8

4

14.9

82

18

1.5

15

1.3

17

145

Cross-sectional

9.7

[4]

Senegal 1995

2

33

179

Cross-sectional

[44]

south Africa2006

16

1.9

71.1

10.8

17.9

82.1

4.5

60

0.2

117

Cross-sectional

15.6

[41]

Nigeria2014

0.3

12.6

21.2

65.1

34.9

13.2

15

1.2

5.8

149

Cohort

5.3

[28]

Nigeria2018

0.55

15.8

2.9

2.7

69.7

30.3

2.8

3.4

0.9

3.4

442

Cross-sectional

1.1

[27]

Ethiopia2023

33.3

6

42.7

18

53.4

46.6

20.4

38.8

3

3

103

Cross-sectional

3.1

[29]

south Africa2022

40

Cross-sectional

3

[42]

Tanzania2011

50.7

7

14

16

72.7

27.3

33.3

5.3

26.7

150

Cohort

3.3

[30]

Tanzania2010

72.3

9

17

5

75.6

23.4

17

13

4

20

119

Cohort

24.2

[43]

Tanzania2023

65.7

5

4

20.3

95.58

4.42

60.5

8.8

21.15

48.2

114

Cross-sectional

21

[31]

Cameroon 2010

63.8

65.3

34.7

354

Cross-sectional

7.6

[32]

Nigeria2007

70.7

7.8

14

6.9

72.2

27.8

28.1

21.1

1

33.3

198

Cohort

4.5

[33]

Ethiopia2021

52.5

28.6

19.9

55.8

44.2

21.7

18.1

6.7

22.2

419

Cross-sectional

26

[40]

Ethiopia 2022

34.5

25

20.75

19.75

57.25

42.75

17

30

1

13.75

422

Cross-sectional

7.2

[39]

Nigeria2012

56.9

8

33.3

1.8

86.8

13.6

29.6

9.9

1.1

35.8

114

Cohort

11

[34]

Nigeria2015

10

3

4

13

77.4

22.6

23.2

10.4

1.2

256

Cohort

3.1

[35]

Nigeria2021

53.7

21

18.2

4.9

66.7

33.3

24

11.2

0.4

162

Cohort

5.9

[37]

sudan2015

73.3

0.7

8

4

73.3

26.7

13.3

19.3

0.7

37.3

150

Cohort

2.1

[38]

Nigeria 2012

52

25

22.6

1.4

57

43

12.9

15.2

0.2

11.2

73

Cross-sectional

2.7

[36]