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Table 2 Cox regression model for the association between predictors and 90-day mortality in older patients visiting the ED

From: Prediction of 90-day mortality in older patients after discharge from an emergency department: a retrospective follow-up study

  

Univariate

Multivariate

ED characteristics

Eventsa (Total)

HR (95 % CI)

P-value

HR (95 % CI)

P-value

Age

347 (3291)

1.06 (1.04–1.08)

<0.001

1.06 (1.04–1.08)

<0.001

Sex

 Female

173 (1748)

ref

ref

ref

ref

 Male

174 (1543)

1.14 (0.93–1.41)

0.219

1.15 (0.92–1.43)

0.231

Time of ED visit

 Day 08.00 h-15.59 h

165 (1677)

ref

ref

ref

ref

 Evening 16.00 h-23.59 h

127 (1254)

1.03 (0.82–1.30)

0.799

0.98 (0.77–1.24)

0.857

 Night 00.00 h-07.59 h

55 (360)

1.62 (1.19–2.20)

0.002

1.27 (0.91–1.78)

0.163

Way of arrivalb

 Self-referral

58 (654)

ref

ref

ref

ref

 Brought in by ambulance

157 (1159)

1.58 (1.17–2.13)

0.003

1.33 (0.95–1.84)

0.096

 General practitioner

102 (1108)

1.04 (0.75–1.43)

0.833

0.91 (0.64–1.29)

0.596

 LUMC internal

23 (338)

0.75 (0.46–1.22)

0.243

0.81 (0.49–1.35)

0.424

 Other Hospital

7 (28)

3.04 (1.39–6.66)

0.005

2.74 (1.22–6.11)

0.014

Presentation

 Limb problems

37 (608)

ref

ref

ref

ref

 Unwell

99 (598)

2.93 (2.01–4.28)

<0.001

1.99 (1.23–3.20)

0.005

 Chest pain

20 (346)

0.96 (0.56–1.65)

0.882

0.54 (0.29–1.00)

0.051

 Shortness of breath

56 (304)

3.22 (2.13–4.88)

<0.001

1.43 (0.83–2.45)

0.195

 Abdominal pain

26 (214)

2.09 (1.26–3.45)

0.004

1.68 (0.98–2.89)

0.061

 Collapsed

19 (168)

1.96 (1.13–3.42)

0.017

1.29 (0.68–2.44)

0.439

 Falls

10 (122)

1.38 (0.69–2.77)

0.369

1.19 (0.58–2.45)

0.663

 Wounds

8 (108)

1.22 (0.57–2.62)

0.610

1.47 (0.67–3.21)

0.332

 Palpitations

3 (101)

0.49 (0.15–1.58)

0.229

0.36 (0.11–1.26)

0.110

 Other

69 (722)

1.61 (1.08–2.40)

0.019

1.44 (0.93–2.23)

0.100

Consulting medical specialty

 Surgical

99 (1371)

ref

ref

ref

ref

 Non-surgical

248 (1920)

1.85 (1.47–2.34)

<0.001

1.55 (1.13–2.14)

0.007

Systolic BP (mmHg)

 ≤100

18 (109)

1.62 (1.00–2.61)

0.049

1.05 (0.64–1.72)

0.849

 101–199

250 (2313)

ref

ref

ref

ref

 ≥200

16 (101)

1.52 (0.92–2.52)

0.104

1.15 (0.69–1.94)

0.589

 Not measured

63 (768)

0.75 (0.57–0.99)

0.044

1.55 (0.79–3.02)

0.202

Heart rate (BPM)

 ≤50

5 (55)

0.90 (0.37–2.17)

0.807

0.67 (0.27–1.68)

0.394

 51–100

214 (2093)

ref

ref

ref

ref

 101–110

28 (187)

1.48 (1.00–2.20)

0.049

1.20 (0.80–1.80)

0.375

 111–129

27 (144)

1.93 (1.30–2.89)

0.001

1.46 (0.94–2.27)

0.090

 ≥130

12 (92)

1.29 (0.72–2.31)

0.392

1.41 (0.76–2.61)

0.277

 Not measured

61 (720)

0.83 (0.62–1.10)

0.192

1.51 (0.72–3.14)

0.272

Respiration rate (bpm)

 ≤8

1 (5)

2.65 (0.36–19.38)

0.337

2.07 (0.27–15.66)

0.481

 9–14

33 (381)

ref

ref

ref

ref

 15–20

95 (907)

1.21 (0.82–1.80)

0.343

1.15 (0.77–1.71)

0.507

 21–29

68 (417)

1.95 (1.29–2.96)

0.002

1.63 (1.06–2.52)

0.027

 ≥30

31 (99)

4.16 (2.55–6.80)

<0.001

2.21 (1.25–3.92)

0.007

 Not measured

119 (1482)

0.92 (0.62–1.35)

0.650

0.95 (0.61–1.47)

0.819

Oxygen saturation (%)

 ≤90

22 (81)

3.08 (1.99–4.78)

<0.001

1.96 (1.19–3.23)

0.008

 91–94

43 (218)

2.09 (1.51–2.90)

<0.001

1.63 (1.16–2.31)

0.005

 ≥95

218 (2217)

ref

ref

ref

ref

 Not measured

64 (775)

0.84 (0.63–1.11)

0.212

1.22 (0.65–2.27)

0.534

Temperature (°C)

 ≤34.9

14 (42)

3.43 (2.00–5.89)

<0.001

2.27 (1.28–4.01)

0.005

 35.0–38.4

230 (2023)

ref

ref

ref

ref

 ≥38.5

14 (149)

0.82 (0.48–1.40)

0.461

0.43 (0.24–0.75)

0.003

 Not measured

89 (1077)

0.72 (0.57–0.92)

0.009

1.12 (0.81–1.54)

0.498

Pain score (NRS)

 0–3

181 (1645)

ref

ref

ref

ref

 4–6

110 (1136)

0.87 (0.68–1.10)

0.240

1.24 (0.95–1.61)

0.114

 7–10

36 (337)

0.97 (0.68–1.38)

0.847

1.55 (1.03–2.32)

0.034

 Not measured

20 (173)

1.06 (0.67–1.68)

0.811

0.93 (0.58–1.49)

0.754

Blood testsc

 None performed

29 (770)

ref

ref

ref

ref

 Performed

318 (2521)

3.52 (2.41–5.15)

<0.001

3.44 (2.13–5.56)

<0.001

  1. Abbreviations: ED emergency department, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ref reference category, BP blood pressure, BPM beats per minute, bpm breaths per minute, °C degrees Celcius, NRS numeric rating scale
  2. Bold formatting has been used to mark statistical significant P-values
  3. a‘Events’ represent the number of deaths in each category within 90 days after ED admittance
  4. bWay of arrival was unknown in 4 patients (data not shown in table). No patients died in this category. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed HR 0.91 (95 % CI 0.80-1.04; P value 0.178). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed HR 0.00 (95 % CI 0.00-9.37*10102; P-value 0.947)
  5. cBlood tests included levels of haemoglobin, thrombocytes, leukocytes, C-reactive protein, sodium, potassium, creatinine, urea, troponin T and/or non fasted glucose
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