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Table 3 Comparison of life-support interventions received by cardiac arrest patients in Karachi, Pakistan (N = 310)

From: Epidemiology and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a developing country-a multicenter cohort study

 

No (%) of Patients

 

Variables

All Patients

Non-EMS

EMS

p-value*

 

(n = 310)

(n = 181)

Ambulance without life-support (n = 102)

Ambulance with life-support (n = 27)

 

Time(min) to reach hospital

 Median (IQR)

25 (15, 35)

23 (15, 30)

30 (20, 40.2)

30 (18, 45)

<0.001

Life-support interventions

 Pre-hospital

25 (8.1)

2 (1.1)

2 (2.0)

21 (77.8)

 

 Hospital

48 (15.5)

34 (18.8)

12 (11.8)

2 (7.4)

<0.001

 None

237 (76.5)

145 (80.1)

88 (86.3)

4 (14.8)

 

Time to first intervention

 Median (IQR)

20.5 (12, 34.7)

18 (11, 30)

26 (17.2,51)

15 (9, 44)

0.01

Time to first CPR

 Median(IQR)

20 (12.2, 37.7)

19 (11.2, 28)

42 (22, 55)

16 (11, 44)

0.01

First rhythm

 Shockable

3 (1.0)

3 (1.7)

0 (0.0)

0 (0)

0.01

 Non shockable

277 (89.4)

168 (92.8)

84 (82.4)

25 (92.6)

 

 Not recorded

30 (9.7)

10 (5.5)

18 (17.6)

2 (7.4)

 

CPR

 Pre-hospital

23 (7.4)

2 (1.1)

2 (2.0)

19 (70.4)

<0.001

 Hospital

48 (15.5)

33 (18.2)

11 (10.8)

4 (14.8)

 

 None

239 (77.1)

146 (80.7)

89 (87.3)

4 (14.8)

 

Defibrillation

 Pre-hospital

1 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (3.7)

0.02

 Hospital

95 (30.6)

56 (30.9)

33 (32.4)

6 (22.2)

 

 None

214 (69.0)

125 (69.1)

69 (67.6)

20 (74.1)

 
  1. Abbreviations: EMS emergency medical services, IQR interquartile range, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation
  2. *Shows comparison between Non-EMS, EMS without any life-support interventions and EMS with life-support interventions