Table 3 Ten most rated factors affecting exposure, vulnerability, and EMS capacity for RTI victims in KMA

1

Indiscipline among different road users

Alcohol and substance abuse

Limited staff and well - equipped ambulances

2

Inadequate driving training regime

Lack of appropriate infrastructure for pedestrians and non-motorized road users

Lack of a National EMS policy and post-crash care system

3

Drinking and driving

Absence of traffic segregation facilities for non-motorized road users

Occurrence of crash in certain locations

4

Lack of segregated lanes and high traffic mix

Unaccompanied children on road

Lack of national ambulance network

5

Inadequate pedestrian and cyclist infrastructure

Mixed traffic streams

Lack of public awareness about emergency call centers

6

Ignoring to use protective safety and visibility gears

Demographic aspects (age, sex, peer influence, economic status, and domicile)

Lack of health insurance by most victims to pay for EMS

7

Poor road engineering design and planning

Laxity in using protective gears like reflectors, helmets and seat belts

Lack of specialized crash and trauma care sections

8

Unregulated rise of Boda-bodas

Road designs and maintenance not considering vulnerable road users

Poor and uncoordinated pre and post-crash care

9

Excessive speed

Inadequate regulation of public passenger transport services

Limited trained health care specialist

10

Lack of driving permits/or licenses among drivers

Lack of appropriate driving training

Unpreparedness among first responders