Table 2 Patient Characteristics
First Author (Year) | Sample Sizea | Inclusion | Exclusion | Age – Years Mean (SD) | Gender – Male Number (%) | Presenting SBP Mean (SD) | TBI Number (%) | Presenting GCS Mean (SD) | Blunt Trauma Number (%) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | C | Total | Lost to Follow-up | I | C | I | C | I | C | I | C | I | C | I | C | |||
Bulger et al. (2011) | 256 | 375 | 631 | 2 | 1. 15 years or older 2. Prehospital SBP <70 mmHg 3. Prehospital SBP between 70 and 90 mmHg with a heart rate of 108 or less | 1. Known or suspected pregnancy 2. Age less than 15 years 3. Out of hospital CPR 4. Administration of >2 L of crystalloid, colloid or blood products pre-enrollment 5. Severe hypothermia 6. Drowning, asphyxia due to hanging 7. Burns more than 20% BSA 8. Isolated penetrating head injury 9. Inability to obtain IV access. 10. Time of dispatch to study intervention more than 4 h 11. Known prisoner, interfacility transfers | 36.8 (16.1) | 36.2 (16.4) | 205 (81%) | 291 (77.4%) | 54.1 (35.3) | 58.1 (32.2) | None | None | 10 (5) | 9.8 (5) | 164 (64.1%) | 227 (60.4%) |
Jousi et al. (2010) | 17 | 20 | 37 | NA | 1. Patients in whom it was estimated to develop significant prehospital hypovolemia (> 1000 ml of blood loss) either from actual clinical condition or MOI. 2. MOI included multiple trauma, penetrating trauma of the head, neck, chest or abdomen, fracture of pelvic ring or femur, or a suspicion of injury of large proximal vessels of the extremities | 1. Patients who received >500 ml crystalloid before assessment | 37 (18) | 50 (22) | 12 (71%) | 17 (85%) | 118 (32) | 125 (26) | 5 (29%) | 4 (20%) | 12.6c (3.4) | 13.3c (3.1) | 15 (88%) | 18 (90%) |
Cooper et al. (2004) | 114 | 115 | 229 | 2 | 1. Coma due to blunt head trauma 2. A GCS score of less than 9 3. Hypotension (SBP <100 mmHg) 4. Patients with multisystem trauma were included | 1. Penetrating trauma, 2. Younger than 18 years 3. Were pregnant 4. No IV access 5. Serious pre-morbidity disease on medical identity bracelet 6. Had peripheral edema 7. Close proximity receiving hospital (“scoop and run”) 8. Had absent sinus rhythm or cardiac arrest | 38 (19) | 37 (19) | 75 (66) | 76 (66) | 72b (14.99) | 56.2b (24.51) | All participants | All participants | 4.5** (1.15) | 4.5** (1.15) | All participants | All participants |
Vassar et al. (1993a) | 50 | 45 | 95 | 0 | 1. Injured patients with systolic blood pressures less than 90 mmHg | 1. Patients were asystolic or were undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation 2. Lacked a sinus complex on electrocardiogram 3. Appeared to be less than 18 years of age 4. Were seen more than 2 h from the time of injury 5. Were pregnant 6. Were known to have a history of seizures or a bleeding disorder 7. Appeared to have pre-existing hepatic, cardiac or renal disease as indicated by the ascites or peripheral edema. 8. Were injured as a result of a burn 9. Had a blood pressure of more than 90 mmHg by the time that IV access was established 10. Lacked IV access | 31 (13) | 37 (18) | NA | NA | 66 (27) | 72 (15) | NA | NA | 8 (5) | 9 (6) | 41 (82%) | 36 (80%) |
Vassar et al. (1993b) | 85 | 84 | 169 | 0 | 1. Trauma patients undergoing ground ambulance transport to the medical center if their systolic blood pressure fell to 90 mmHg or less at any time during the transport. | Same as above | 32 (15) | 31 (12) | NA | NA | 65 (29) | 64 (32) | NA | NA | 12 (4) | 12 (4) | 49 (57.6%) | 53 (63.1) |