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Table 1 Emergency medical services trigger tool items

From: Application of the emergency medical services trigger tool to measure adverse events in prehospital emergency care: a time series analysis

Clinical Triggers

 C1

SpO2 < 94% without supplemental oxygen or < 85% without assisted ventilation

 C2

Change in systolic blood pressure > 20% from first measurement

 C3

Pain score > 4/10 without subsequent reduction

 C4

Temperature > 38 C without subsequent reduction

 C5

Increase in Early Warning Score > 1 point

Medication Triggers

 M1

Administration of opioid analgesic and Naloxone in the same patient

Procedural Triggers

 P1

Inappropriate spinal immobilisation

Return-Call Triggers

 R1

Return to same patient within 24 h following refusal of transport