Table 1 Patient Characteristics in Development Dataset (N = 8129) and Validation Dataset (N = 8907)

N (%)

8019 (98.6)

110 (1.4)

8801 (98.8)

106 (1.2)

Age, years, median (IQR)

57 (34–71)

44 (26–66)

0.001

61 (38–74)

50 (27–70)

0.006

Age group

0.026

0.056

 16–59 y

4308 (53.7)

71 (64.5)

4245 (48.2)

61 (57.5)

  ≥ 60 y

3711 (46.3)

39 (35.5)

4556 (51.8)

45 (42.5)

 Missing

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

Male sex

5678 (70.8)

91 (82.7)

0.006

6156 (69.9)

92 (86.8)

0.006

 Missing

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg

122 (90–151)

128 (105–150)

0.307

125 (93–153)

129 (96–155)

0.493

 Missing

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 Heart rate, bpm

95 (78–116)

101 (80–113)

0.399

93 (77–113)

100 (80–120)

0.061

  Missing

135 (1.7)

1 (0.9)

143 (1.6)

4 (3.8)

 GCS score

8 (4–13)

8 (4–13)

0.933

8 (4–13)

7 (4–14)

0.669

  Missing

277 (0.6)

4 (0.6)

292 (3.3)

7 (6.6)

Variable

No

Yes

P-value

No

Yes

P-value

Revised Trauma Score (RTS), median (IQR)

6 (5–7)

6 (4–7)

0.775

6 (5–8)

6 (5–8)

0.480

 Missing

893 (11.1)

16 (14.5)

969 (11.0)

19 (17.9)

Injury Severity Score (ISS), median (IQR)

26 (20–36)

27 (20–34)

0.803

25 (19–35)

27 (18–35)

0.618

 Missing

132 (16.4)

3 (2.7)

130 (1.5)

0 (0)

Admission to the tertiary emergency hospitals

7056 (88.0)

92 (83.6)

0.164

7675 (87.2)

86 (81.1)

0.063

 Head, median (IQR)

4 (0–5)

3 (0–4)

0.002

1 (0–1)

1 (0–1)

0.507

  AIS ≥ 2, n (%)

5417 (67.4)

64 (58.2)

0.037

5830 (66.2)

71 (67.0)

0.873

 Face, median (IQR)

0 (0–0)

1 (0–2)

<  0.001

0 (0–0)

1 (0–2)

<  0.001

  AIS ≥ 2, n (%)

1040 (13.0)

47 (42.7)

<  0.001

1237 (14.1)

44 (41.5)

<  0.001

 Neck, median (IQR)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

<  0.001

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

<  0.001

  AIS ≥ 2, n (%)

58 (0.7)

11 (10.0)

<  0.001

64 (0.7)

8 (7.5)

<  0.001

 Chest, median (IQR)

0 (0–4)

0 (0–4)

0.882

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

0.539

Variable

No

Yes

P value

No

Yes

P value

  AIS ≥ 2, n (%)

3750 (46.8)

50 (45.5)

0.785

4039 (45.9)

50 (47.2)

0.793

 Abdomen, median (IQR)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0.012

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0.245

  AIS ≥ 2, n (%)

1853 (23.1)

14 (12.7)

0.010

1891 (21.5)

18 (17.0)

0.261

 Spine, median (IQR)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–2)

0.002

0 (0–0)

0 (0–1)

0.261

  AIS ≥ 2, n (%)

1438 (17.9)

32 (29.1)

0.003

2090 (23.7)

29 (27.4)

0.385

 Upper extremities

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

0.097

0 (0–1)

0 (0–0)

0.231

  AIS ≥ 2, n (%)

1623 (20.2)

27 (24.5)

0.265

1919 (21.8)

19 (17.9)

0.336

 Pelvis and lower extremities,

 median (IQR)

0 (0–3)

0 (0–2)

0.104

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0.518

  AIS ≥ 2, n (%)

3043 (37.9)

33 (30.0)

0.088

3235 (36.8)

35 (33.0)

0.427

 Surface, median (IQR)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0.558

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0.260

  AIS ≥ 2, n (%)

23 (0.3)

1 (0.9)

0.232

26 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

0.575

 Cervical spine, median (IQR)

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

0.510

0 (0–0)

0 (0–4)

0.440

  AIS ≥ 2, n (%)

652 (8.1)

24 (21.8)

<  0.001

920 (10.5)

24 (22.6)

<  0.001