Table 6 Bivariate and multivariate analyses of factors affecting injury severity levels of road traffic collission victims

Victims type

Pedestrian

1

Driver

1.36 (0.67–2.80)

1.11 (0.53–2.32)

Motorist/Motor occupant

1.86 (0.91–3.80)

1.56 (0.74–3.26)

Vehicle occupant

0.78 (0.47–1.27)

0.42 (0.20–0.88)^*

Driver used alcohol

Yes

2.64 (1.23–5.64)^*

2.1 (0.93–4.71)

No

1

1

Motorist/motorbike occupant used helmet

Yes

1

1

No

5.14 (1.30–20.36)

4.7 (1.04–21.09) ^**

Presence of multiple injuries

Yes

4.4 (2.65–7.29)

3.88 (2.26–6.65) ^***

No

1

1

Vehicle type

light vehicle

1

1

medium heavy vehicle

1.54 (0.95–2.50)

1.62 (0.96–2.75)

large heavy vehicle

2.31 (1.18–4.56)

2.14 (1.01–4.52) ^*

Crash type

Crash with Pedestrian

1

1

Two vehicle collision

0.51 (0.27–0.99)

0.48 (0.24–0.93)^*

Over turning

1.18 (0.69–2.01)

1.38 (0.65–2.92)

Animate/inanimate

1.55 (0.70–3.42)

1.34 (0.59–3.01)

Falling from moving vehicle

1.93 (0.80–4.68)

1.45 (0.58–3.64)

Lighting Condition

Daylight

1

1

Dusk or dawn

0.94 (0.46–1.91)

0.99 (0.45–2.17)

Dark

1.89 (1.08–3.30)

1.93 (1.01–3.65) ^*

Place of accident

Urban

1

1

Cross city/rural

2.15 (1.39–3.33)

1.95 (1.18–3.24) ^**

Traffic signals or safety tools available

Yes

0.59 (0.36–0.95)

0.58 (0.35–0.96) ^*

No

1

1

Persons extricating the victim from scene

Bystanders

1

1

Police

0.54 (0.29–0.99)

0.47 (0.24–0.94) ^*

Healthcare professionals

0.48 (0.21–1.09)

0.33 (0.13–0.83) ^*

Received pre-hospital care

Yes

1

No

1.66 (0.86–3.19)

1.23 (0.61–2.51)

Traffic police control at the scene

Yes

0.40 (0.23–0.68)

0.49 (0.27–0.88)^*

No

1

1

Vehicle occupant seating position

Front seat

0.86 (0.35–2.08)

1.21 (0.44–3.28)

At the back of truck

3.17 (1.01–9.41)

3.9 (1.18–12.080)^*

Rear seat

1.71 (0.53–5.58)

1.95 (0.53–7.23)

Middle seat

1

1