|
Study outcomes
|
Scale range
|
No. of items
|
Baseline (T1)
|
Follow-Up (T2)
|
Effect size
|
t-test
|
|---|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
(Cohen’s d)
|
t
|
df
|
p
|
|---|
|
Work system factors
|
|
Patient stressors
|
1–5
|
3
|
4.10
|
.63
|
4.11
|
.71
|
.02
|
−.10
|
.40
|
.921
|
|
Job control
|
1–5
|
4
|
2.63
|
.76
|
2.90
|
.74
|
.36
|
−2.57
|
39
|
.014
|
|
Participation opportunities
|
1–5
|
4
|
1.81
|
.70
|
1.83
|
.70
|
.03
|
−.24
|
39
|
.813
|
|
Work overload
|
1–5
|
3
|
4.37
|
.61
|
4.37
|
.48
|
–
|
.08
|
40
|
.937
|
|
Personnel resources
|
1–5
|
2
|
1.93
|
.70
|
1.76
|
.75
|
.23
|
1.13
|
39
|
.265
|
|
Information problems
|
1–5
|
3
|
3.20
|
.79
|
3.26
|
.80
|
.08
|
−.55
|
40
|
.583
|
|
Uncertainty
|
1–5
|
4
|
3.46
|
.65
|
3.64
|
.61
|
.29
|
−1.73
|
39
|
.091
|
|
Overtime (in hours)
|
–
|
1
|
7.79
|
3.93
|
5.93
|
4.92
|
.42
|
3.00
|
13
|
.010
|
|
Social support
|
1–5
|
2
|
3.15
|
.87
|
2.88
|
.89
|
.31
|
3.27
|
40
|
.002
|
|
Supervisor feedback
|
1–5
|
2
|
2.05
|
.90
|
2.30
|
.93
|
.27
|
−1.96
|
39
|
.058
|
|
Provider well-being
|
|
Emotional exhaustion
|
1–6
|
4
|
4.19
|
.94
|
4.21
|
1.03
|
.02
|
−.18
|
40
|
.855
|
|
Depersonalization
|
1–6
|
4
|
3.18
|
1.23
|
3.54
|
1.22
|
.29
|
−2.29
|
40
|
.027
|
|
Depressive symptoms
|
1–4
|
2
|
1.90
|
1.48
|
2.22
|
1.53
|
.21
|
−1.59
|
40
|
.119
|
|
Job satisfaction
|
1–7
|
1
|
4.42
|
1.24
|
3.79
|
1.49
|
.46
|
2.60
|
37
|
.013
|
|
Turnover intentions
|
1–5
|
1
|
2.29
|
1.01
|
2.72
|
1.28
|
.37
|
−3.12
|
40
|
.003
|
|
Quality of care (ED provider reports)
|
|
Frequency of errors
|
1–5
|
3
|
1.98
|
.74
|
2.05
|
.75
|
.09
|
−.54
|
40
|
.591
|
|
Patient safety
|
1–5
|
1
|
2.71
|
.78
|
2.50
|
.71
|
.28
|
1.90
|
40
|
.064
|
- Legend. N = 41 participants; ED: emergency department, SD: standard deviation, d: delta, t: t-test statistic, df: degrees of freedom, p: probability level; bold if p < .05
