Table 2 Descriptive statistics and changes in work factors, respondent well-being, and quality of care (provider survey)
Study outcomes | Scale range | No. of items | Baseline (T1) | Follow-Up (T2) | Effect size | t-test | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | (Cohen’s d) | t | df | p | |||
Work system factors | ||||||||||
 Patient stressors | 1–5 | 3 | 4.10 | .63 | 4.11 | .71 | .02 | −.10 | .40 | .921 |
 Job control | 1–5 | 4 | 2.63 | .76 | 2.90 | .74 | .36 | −2.57 | 39 | .014 |
 Participation opportunities | 1–5 | 4 | 1.81 | .70 | 1.83 | .70 | .03 | −.24 | 39 | .813 |
 Work overload | 1–5 | 3 | 4.37 | .61 | 4.37 | .48 | – | .08 | 40 | .937 |
 Personnel resources | 1–5 | 2 | 1.93 | .70 | 1.76 | .75 | .23 | 1.13 | 39 | .265 |
 Information problems | 1–5 | 3 | 3.20 | .79 | 3.26 | .80 | .08 | −.55 | 40 | .583 |
 Uncertainty | 1–5 | 4 | 3.46 | .65 | 3.64 | .61 | .29 | −1.73 | 39 | .091 |
 Overtime (in hours) | – | 1 | 7.79 | 3.93 | 5.93 | 4.92 | .42 | 3.00 | 13 | .010 |
 Social support | 1–5 | 2 | 3.15 | .87 | 2.88 | .89 | .31 | 3.27 | 40 | .002 |
 Supervisor feedback | 1–5 | 2 | 2.05 | .90 | 2.30 | .93 | .27 | −1.96 | 39 | .058 |
Provider well-being | ||||||||||
 Emotional exhaustion | 1–6 | 4 | 4.19 | .94 | 4.21 | 1.03 | .02 | −.18 | 40 | .855 |
 Depersonalization | 1–6 | 4 | 3.18 | 1.23 | 3.54 | 1.22 | .29 | −2.29 | 40 | .027 |
 Depressive symptoms | 1–4 | 2 | 1.90 | 1.48 | 2.22 | 1.53 | .21 | −1.59 | 40 | .119 |
 Job satisfaction | 1–7 | 1 | 4.42 | 1.24 | 3.79 | 1.49 | .46 | 2.60 | 37 | .013 |
 Turnover intentions | 1–5 | 1 | 2.29 | 1.01 | 2.72 | 1.28 | .37 | −3.12 | 40 | .003 |
Quality of care (ED provider reports) | ||||||||||
 Frequency of errors | 1–5 | 3 | 1.98 | .74 | 2.05 | .75 | .09 | −.54 | 40 | .591 |
 Patient safety | 1–5 | 1 | 2.71 | .78 | 2.50 | .71 | .28 | 1.90 | 40 | .064 |