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Table 2 Group-specific patient data for fluid administration at the accident site, in the emergency department, and during initial surgical treatment

From: Enhanced prehospital volume therapy does not lead to improved outcomes in severely injured patients with severe traumatic brain injury

Patient characteristics

Values for low- and high-volume groups

Low-volume

(0-1000 ml)

High-volume

(≥1501 ml)

Group mean

(all patients)

p-values

Fluid volume replaced prehospital (ml; MV, SD)

808 ± 293.5

2098 ± 818

1453 ± 891

≤0.001

Percentage of crystalloid

volume replacement solution (ml; MV, SD)

607 ± 307

1370 ± 803

991 ± 718

≤0.001

Percentage of colloidal

volume replacement solution (ml; MV, SD)

186 ± 263

633 ± 477

411 ± 446

≤0.001

Percentage of hyperoncotic solutions (ml; MV, SD)

24 ± 92

95 ± 231

60 ± 180

≤0.001

Fluid volume replaced in the emergency department (ml; MV, SD)

3536 ± 2615

3116 ± 2232

3321 ± 2445

0.12

Total prehospital time (minutes; MV, SD)

66 ± 22

68 ± 21

67 ± 22

0.35

Emergency room time (minutes; MV, SD)

64 ± 36

72 ± 51

68 ± 44

0.24

BP at accident site (mmHg; MV, SD)

121 ± 30

116 ± 26

118 ± 28

0.09

BP at admission to hospital (mm Hg; MV, SD)

118 ± 34

113 ± 29

115 ± 312

0.22

BP at accident site

 20-60 mmHG (%)

2.4

2.4

2.4

1

 61-90 mmHg (%)

14.8

14.8

14.8

1

 ≥ 91 mmHg (%)

82.8

82.8

82.8

1

Respiratory rate at the accident site (MV, SD)

13 ± 5

15

14

0.19

Heart rate at accident site (sec; MV, SD)

96 ± 25

99 ± 24

97

0.35

Heart rate at admission to hospital (sec; MV, SD)

93 ± 24

95 ± 23

94 ± 24

0.52

Hb at admission to hospital (g/dl; MV, SD)

11.2 ± 2.7

10.2 ± 2.6

10.7 ± 2.7

≤0.001

Prothrombin ratio (%) in hospital

68 ± 25.5

63.7 ± 23.3

65.8 ± 24.5

0.04

INR (MV, SD)

1.4 ± 0.9

1.5 ± 0.8

1.5 ± 0.9

0.01

Platelet count/nl at admission to hospital (MV, SD)

191,727 ± 77,362

177,982 ± 70,564

184,681 ± 74,141

0.06

Prothrombin time in hospital (sec; MV, SD)

42.8 ± 33.7

47.6 ± 32.5

45.2 ± 33.1

0.06

Base excess in hospital (mmol/l; MV, SD)

−4.9 ± 6.2

−4.2 ± 5.6

−4.5 ± 5.9

0.83

Units of pRBCs in hospital (MV, SD)

5.3 ± 5.2

6.1 ± 5.3

5.7 ± 5.3

0.07

Massive transfusions ≥ 10 units of pRBCs (%)

in hospital

13.6

19.5

16.6

0.1

Units of fresh-frozen plasma in hospital (MV, SD)

3.4 ± 5.2

4.6 ± 6.1

3.9 ± 5.7

≤0.05

Prehospital use of catecholamines (%)

12.9

20.5

16.7

0.09

Prehospital chest tube (%)

4.1

9.6

6.8

0.07

Prehospital CPR (%)

5.3

5.3

5.3

1

Prehospital sedation (%)

89.1

93.8

91.5

0.21

Prehospital intubation (%)

93.5

93.5

93.5

1

Intubation in hospital (%)

94.0

95.2

94.6

0.82

Multislice CT (%)

74

72.8

73.4

0.9

  1. Values are the mean, standard deviation (SD) or % of the group. BP blood pressure, Hb hemoglobin, INR International Normalized Ratio, pRBCs packed red blood cells, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation