From: Gender differences in acute recreational drug toxicity: a case series from Oslo, Norway
Opioid among toxic agents | No opioid among toxic agents | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outpatient clinic | Hospital ED | Outpatient clinic | Hospital ED | |||||
Females n (%) | Males n (%) | Females n (%) | Males n (%) | Females n (%) | Males n (%) | Females n (%) | Males n (%) | |
Cardiac arresta | – | – | 1 (4.8) | 7 (9.9) | – | – | 1 (2.1) | 1 (0.7) |
Tachypnoea (RR > 20)a | 8 (3.5) | 49 (5.0) | 5 (23.8) | 9 (12.7) | 21 (7.8) | 70 (9.5) | 8 (17.0) | 23 (16.7) |
Bradypnoea (RR < 10)a | 42 (18.3) | 144 (14.6) | 2 (9.5) | 10 (14.1) | 2 (0.7) | 10 (1.4) | 3 (6.4) | 4 (2.9) |
Tachycardia (HR > 99)a | 41 (17.9) | 181 (18.4) | 3 (14.3) | 20 (28.2) | 88 (32.6) | 251 (34.2) | 11 (23.4) | 41 (29.7) |
Bradycardia (HR < 50)a | 4 (1.7) | 28 (2.8) | 3 (14.3) | 6 (8.5) | 1 (0.4) | 8 (1.1) | 2 (4.3) | 12 (8.7) |
Hypertension (SBP ≥ 180) | 2 (0.9) | 5 (0.5) | 2 (9.5) | 2 (2.8) | 1 (0.4) | 5 (0.7) | 5 (10.6) | 14 (10.1) |
Hypotension (SBP ≤ 90) | 25 (10.9)*** | 38 (3.9) | 3 (14.3) | 9 (12.7) | 9 (3.3) | 19 (2.6) | 13 (27.7) | 19 (13.8) |
Hyperthermia (tp ≥ 39.0 °C) | 1 (0.4) | 10 (1.0) | 1 (4.8) | 7 (9.9) | 3 (1.1) | 5 (0.7) | 2 (4.3) | 3 (2.2) |
GCS scorea,b | ||||||||
15 | 67 (29.3) | 267 (27.2) | 6 (30.0) | 17 (25.8) | 128 (47.8) | 341 (47.0) | 11 (24.4) | 41 (30.8) |
10–14 | 138 (60.3) | 614 (62.5) | 4 (20.0) | 18 (27.3) | 121 (45.1) | 305 (42.1) | 12 (26.7) | 27 (20.3) |
8–9 | 14 (6.1) | 72 (7.3) | 2 (10.0) | 6 (9.1) | 9 (3.4) | 51 (7.0) | 6 (13.3) | 11 (8.3) |
3–7 | 10 (4.4) | 30 (3.1) | 8 (40.0) | 25 (37.9) | 10 (3.7) | 28 (3.9) | 16 (35.6) | 54 (40.6) |
Vomiting | 8 (3.5) | 21 (2.1) | 1 (4.8) | 3 (4.2) | 15 (5.6) | 38 (5.2) | 6 (12.8) | 14 (10.1) |
Headache | 6 (2.6) | 19 (1.9) | – | 4 (5.6) | 12 (4.4) | 16 (2.2) | -* | 13 (9.4) |
Anxiety | 4 (1.7) | 17 (1.7) | 6 (28.6) | 19 (26.8) | 33 (12.2) | 69 (9.4) | 29 (61.7)* | 58 (42.0) |
Hallucinations | 4 (1.7) | 14 (1.4) | – | 4 (5.6) | 17 (6.3) | 59 (8.0) | 10 (21.3) | 18 (13.0) |
Agitation | 28 (12.2) | 102 (10.3) | 6 (28.6) | 29 (40.8) | 74 (27.4) | 209 (28.5) | 17 (36.2) | 54 (39.1) |
Psychosis | 3 (1.3) | 17 (1.7) | 1 (4.8) | 2 (2.8) | 23 (8.5)* | 100 (13.6) | 5 (10.6) | 12 (8.7) |
Seizures | 3 (1.3) | 10 (1.0) | – | 6 (8.5) | 5 (1.9) | 13 (1.8) | 8 (17.0)* | 8 (5.8) |
Cerebellar features | – | 2 (0.2) | – | 2 (2.8) | – | 1 (0.1) | 2 (4.3) | 5 (3.6) |
Palpitations | 1 (0.4) | 4 (0.4) | 1 (4.8) | 3 (4.2) | 15 (5.6) | 34 (4.6) | 1 (2.1) | 5 (3.6) |
Chest pain | 3 (1.3) | 20 (2.0) | – | 3 (4.2) | 11 (4.1) | 37 (5.0) | 1 (2.1) | 11 (8.0) |
Arrhythmias | – | 2 (0.2) | – | 8 (11.3) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (0.4) | 2 (4.3) | 9 (6.5) |
Lactate (mmol/L)a,c,d | – | – | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 1.1 (0.9–2.3) | – | – | 1.7 (1.3–3.8) | 2.0 (1.2–4.8) |
Peak CK (IU/L)c,e | – | – | 124 (80–175)** | 366 (147–1270) | – | – | 129 (78–285)* | 233 (140–434) |
Peak creatinine (mmol/L)c,f | – | – | 58 (55–68)** | 80 (59–105) | – | – | 68 (61–74)*** | 82 (71–97) |
Total | 229 (100) | 986 (100) | 21 (100) | 71 (100) | 270 (100) | 733 (100) | 47 (100) | 138 (100) |