Do health care professionals’ perceptions help to measure the degree of overcrowding in the emergency department? A pilot study in an Italian University hospital

Table 3 Concordance between the subjective scale (VAS) and objective scale (NEDOCS) by healthcare professionals

	Proportions of concordance		Unweighted Kappa (95% CI)	Kappa with Linear Weighting (95% CI)
	Observed (95% CI)^a	Change expected	Unweighted Kappa (95% CI)	Kappa with Linear Weighting (95% CI)
All healthcare professionals	0.282 (0.230 0.342)	0.174	0.131 (0.065 0.197)	0.381 (0.313 0.450)
Physicians	0.250 (0.114 0.452)	0.162	0.105 (0 0.266)	0.366 (0.213 0.518)
Nurses	0.281 (0.211 0.362)	0.173	0.131 (0.042 0.220)	0.403 (0.313 0.493)
Nursing assistants	0.296 (0.205 0.404)	0.187	0.133 (0.019 0.248)	0.302 (0.168 0.436)

95% CI: 95% confidence intervals. ^a95% CIs for proportions are calculated according to the Wilson efficient-score method and corrected for continuity

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