Table 1 Study population characteristics
From: Determinants of prehospital lactate in trauma patients: a retrospective cohort study
All (n = 156) | Lactate < 2.5 mmol/L (n = 61) | Lactate > 2.5 mmol/L (n = 95) | p | missing | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biometric data | |||||
Age (y) | 44 [24–64] | 44 [23–66] | 45 [27–63] | .642 | |
Male Gender (n,%) | 124 [79.5] | 48 [78.7] | 76 [80] | .842 | |
Injury characteristics | |||||
Mechanism | |||||
Blunt trauma (n,%) | 140 [89.7] | 56 [91.8] | 84 [88.4] | .595 | |
Sharp trauma (n,%) | 16 [10.3] | 5 [8.2] | 11 [11.6] | .595 | |
Body regions affected | |||||
Head (n,%) | 84 [53.8] | 25 [41.0] | 59 [62.1] | .008 | 2 |
Chest (n,%) | 73 [46.8] | 31 [50.8] | 42 [45.2] | .513 | 2 |
Abdomen (n,%) | 72 [46.2] | 29 [47.5] | 43 [45.3] | .870 | |
Limb (n,%) | 75 [48.1] | 29 [47.5] | 46 [48.4] | .990 | |
Nr of regions affected (n) | 2 [0–4] | 2 [0–4] | 2 [0–4] | .373 | |
Lactate | |||||
999-lactate sample (min) | 66 [46–87] | 62 [45–80] | 67 [46–88] | .420 | 33 |
Lactate (mmol/l) | 3.0 [2.0–4.1] | 1.8 [0.5–2.2] | 3.8 [2.7–4.9] | <.001 | |
Indices of end organ perfusion and oxygenation | |||||
Palpable radial pulse [y] | 138 [88.5] | 58 [95.1] | 80 [84.2] | .042 | |
SBP (mmHg) | 129 [109–149] | 134 [117–152] | 123 [102–144] | .001 | 10 |
HR (bpm) | 88 [66–110] | 85 [64–106] | 96 [75–117] | .023 | 14 |
Shock index | .72 [.51–.93] | .61 [.40–.82] | .80 [.58–1.03] | <.001 | 14 |
EtCO2 (kPa) | 4.1 [3.5–5.4] | 4.1 [2.0–6.0] | 4.0 [3.2–4.8] | .390 | 44 |
SpO2 (%) | 97 [93–100] | 98 [96–100] | 96 [89–100] | .025 | 16 |
Treatments before HEMS | |||||
Circ and resp. support | |||||
Adrenaline | 6 [3.8] | 1 [1.6] | 5 [5.3] | .405 | |
IV fluids | 14 [9.0] | 2 [3.3] | 12 [12.6] | .050 | |
Pain relieving interventions | |||||
IVP and/or morphine | 87 [55.8] | 41 [67.2] | 49 [51.6] | .031 | |
IVP | 61 [39.1] | 30 [49.2] | 31 [32.6] | .045 | |
morphine | 51 [32.7] | 23 [37.7] | 28 [29.5] | .299 | |
Reduction or splintinga | 29 [18.6] | 8 [13.1] | 21 [22.1] | .207 | |
Haemostatic interventions | |||||
Pelvic splint | 76 [48.7] | 28 [45.9] | 48 [50.5] | .624 | |
Compression Bandage or tourniquet | 14 [9.0] | 7 [11.5] | 7 [7.4] | .402 | |
TXA | 75 [48.1] | 26 [42.6] | 49 [51.6] | .325 | |