Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Category | Product / Project Name | Author/Year | Title | Country | Article type | Enrolled patients | Age (median) & Gender | Time window | Development stage | Study Design |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomarkers | Helsinki Ultra-acute Stroke Biomarker Study | Lindsberg 2018 [22] | Helsinki Ultra-acute Stroke Biomarker Study | Finland | Protocol | N/A | N/A | Ultra-acute | Alpha | Protocol:Single-centre Prospective diagnostic accuracy |
Biomarkers | SMARTChip / PRISM | Shaw et al. 2019 [23] | Purines for Rapid Identification of Stroke Mimics (PRISM) | UK | Protocol | N/A | N/A | NR | Alpha | Protocol: Multicentre Prospective diagnostic accuracy |
Prehospital imaging | Handheld Infra-red Screening Device | Murphy et al. 2015 [24] | Measurement of acute brain hemorrhage in the pre-hospital setting | USA | Results | 46 suspected stroke | NR | NR | NR | Single-centre Prospective diagnostic accuracy |
Prehospital imaging | ELECTRA-STROKE | Coutinho 2019 [25] | Electra-Stroke:EEG controlled triage in the ambulance for acute ischemic stroke | Netherlands | Protocol | N/A | N/A | Acute | Beta | Protocol: Multicentre Prospective diagnostic accuracy |
Telestroke | TeleBAT | LaMonte et al. 2000 [26] | TeleBAT: Mobile telemedicine for the brain attack team | USA | Results | 6 suspected stroke | NR | NR | Beta | Single-centre Development and pilot test |
Xiao et al. 2000 [27] | Design and evaluation of a real-time mobile telemedicine system for ambulance transport | USA | Results | NR | NR | |||||
Telestroke | Med-on-@ix /‘peeq-box’ | Bergrath et al. 2012 [28] | Feasibility of pre-hospital teleconsultation in acute stroke: a pilot study in clinical routine | Germany | Results | 64 suspected stroke | 80 years 64% female | Acute | Beta | Multicentre Prospective non-randomised trial |
Telestroke | Stroke Angel | Ziegler et al. 2008 [29] | Mobile computing systems in preclinical care of stroke: Results of the stroke angel initiative within the BMBF project PerCoMed | Germany | Results | 443 suspected stroke | NR | Acute | Beta | Multicentre Prospective cohort |
Rashid et al. 2015 [30] | Stroke angel: Telemedicine prenotification improves door-to-CT and rate of systemic thrombolysis | Germany | Results | 1262 suspected stroke | NR | Ultra-acute | Gamma | Single-centre Prospective cohort | ||
Telestroke | PreSSUB I | Espinoza et al. 2016 [31] | Development and Pilot Testing of 24/7 In-Ambulance Telemedicine for Acute Stroke | Belgium | Results | 16 suspected stroke | NR | Acute | Beta | Single-centre Development and pilot test |
Telestroke | PreSSUB II | Espinoza et al. 2015 [32] | PreSSUB II: The prehospital stroke study at the Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel II | Belgium | Protocol | N/A | N/A | Acute | Beta | Protocol: Single-centre RCT |
Brouns et al. 2016 [33] | 24/7 In-Ambulance telestroke: Results from the pre-hospital stroke study at the universitair ziekenhuis brussel II (PreSSUB II) | Belgium | Results | 1 suspected stroke | NR | Acute | Gamma | Single-centre RCT | ||
Telestroke | InTouch Xpress | Belt et al. 2016 [34] | In-transit telemedicine speeds ischemic stroke treatment: preliminary results | USA | Results | 163 suspected stroke | NR | Ultra-acute | Gamma | Multicentre Feasibility and pilot test |
Telestroke | Smartphone with encrypted software | Brotons et al. 2016 [35] | The use of prehospital telemedicine to aid in the decision to airlift patients to a comprehensive stroke center from a rural area. | USA | Results | 45 suspected stroke | NR | NR | Beta | Single-centre Feasibility and pilot test |
Telestroke | HipaaBridge with iPads | Barrett et al. 2017 [36] | Ambulance-based assessment of NIH Stroke Scale with telemedicine: A feasibility pilot study | USA | Results | 11 suspected stroke | 65 years 81% female | NR | Beta | Single-centre Feasibility and pilot test |
Telestroke | iPad with video capability | Shah et al. 2017 [37] | A novel use of out-of-hospital telemedicine to decrease door-to-computed tomography results in acute strokes | USA | Results | NR | NR | NR | Beta | Single-centre Prospective cohort |
Telestroke | Field-Telestroke | Andrefsky et al. 2018 [38] | Impact of EMS field-telestroke with hand-held iPads on IV-TPA therapy for stroke | USA | Results | NR | NR | Ultra-acute | Beta | Single-centre Retrospective before and after |
Telestroke | REACHOUT | Hackett et al. 2018 [39] | EMS based telestroke suggests reduced door to needle time compared to hospital based telestroke | USA | Results | 200 suspected stroke | NR | Ultra-acute | Beta | Multicentre Prospective cohort |
Telestroke | Custom-built system | Johansson 2019 [40] | Technical feasibility and ambulance nurses’ view of a digital telemedicine system in pre-hospital stroke care: a pilot study | Sweden | Results | 11 suspected stroke | NR | NR | Beta | Single-centre Mixed methods pilot test |