Table 1 Search strategy

1 exp. Narcotics/ (111132)

2 actiq*.tw,kf. (27)

3 carfentan*.tw,kf. (243)

4 codeine*.tw,kf. (4872)

5 demerol*.tw,kf. (231)

6 (dihydro-morph* or dihydromorph*).tw,kf. (451)

7 dilaudid*.tw,kf. (69)

8 dur?gesic*.tw,kf. (84)

9 fentanyl*.tw,kf. (16667)

10 fentora*.tw,kf. (9)

11 heroin.tw,kf. (12893)

12 (hydro-codone* or hydrocodone*).tw,kf. (858)

13 (hydro-morphone* or hydromorphone*).tw,kf. (1359)

14 morphine*.tw,kf. (47330)

15 narcotic*.tw,kf. (14412)

16 lorcet*.tw,kf. (5)

17 lortab*.tw,kf. (6)

18 opiate*.tw,kf. (23769)

19 opioid*.tw,kf. (73603)

20 (oxy-codone* or oxycodone*).tw,kf. (2670)

21 (oxy-contin* or oxycontin*).tw,kf. (226)

22 percocet*.tw,kf. (58)

23 percodan*.tw,kf. (14)

24 pethidine*.tw,kf. (2304)

25 phentanyl*.tw,kf. (119)

26 sublimaze*.tw,kf. (22)

27 vicodin*.tw,kf. (56)

28 or/1–27 [Combined MeSH & text words for opioids] (186296)

29 Addiction Medicine/ (4)

30 Behavior, Addictive/ (7744)

31 exp. “Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury”/ (26678)

32 Drug abuse/ (87805)

33 exp. Drug Misuse/ (10703)

34 Drug Overdose/ (9457)

35 Neurotoxicity Syndromes/ (4428)

36 exp. Opioid-Related Disorders/ (22304)

37 Poisoning/ (21631)

38 Psychoses, Substance-Induced/ (5082)

39 Self-Injurious Behavior/ (6447)

40 Street Drugs/ae [adverse effects] (1421)

41 Substance-Related Disorders/ (87805)

42 Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/ (20325)

43 ((abus* or addict* or chronic* or depend* or disorder* or intoxicat* or mis-us* or misus* or over-dos* or overdos* or poison* or withdrawal*) adj3 (drug* or fentanyl* or heroin* or narcotic* or opiate* or opioid* or oxy-co* or oxyco* or morphine*)).tw,kf. (97309)

44 ((drug* or substance* or toxic*) adj2 psycho*).tw,kf. (18771)

45 or/29–44 [Combined MeSH & text words for chronic drug use] (263106)

46 Burn Units/ (2227)

47 Coronary Care Units/ (4202)

48 exp. Critical Care/ (51242)

49 Critical Care Nursing/ (1223)

50 Emergency Medicine/ (11989)

51 Emergency Nursing/ (6602)

52 exp. Perioperative Care/ and (acute* or critical* or emergenc* or intensiv* or trauma* or urgent*).mp. (19203)

53 Hospital Medicine/ (119)

54 exp. Hospitals/ and (acute* or critical* or emergenc* or intensiv* or trauma* or urgent*).mp. (42779)

55 Hospitalization/ (91123)

56 Intensive Care Units/ (45436)

57 exp. Life Support Care/ (8408)

58 Operating Rooms/ and (acute* or critical* or emergenc* or intensiv* or trauma* or urgent*).mp. (1581)

59 Respiratory Care Units/ (579)

60 exp. Specialties, Surgical/ and (acute* or critical* or emergenc* or intensiv* or trauma* or urgent*).mp. (16202)

61 Surgery Department, Hospital/ and (acute* or critical* or emergenc* or intensiv* or trauma* or urgent*).mp. (1066)

62 ((acute* or critical* or emergenc* or intensiv* or trauma* or urgent*) adj2 (care or centr* or department* or hospital* or unit* or ward*)).tw,kf. (270869)

63 ((acute* or critical* or emergenc* or intensiv* or trauma* or urgent*) and (intraoperative or operative or perioperative or postoperative)).tw,kf. (114703)

64 ((burn* or cardi* or coronary* or heart* or respiratory*) adj2 (care or department* or room* or unit* or ward*)).tw,kf. (27819)

65 ICU.tw,kf. (44322)

66 life support.tw,kf. (10639)

67 or/46–66 [Combined MeSH & text words for acute healthcare settings] (564082)

68 and/28,45,67 [Combined concepts for opioids, chronic drug use, & acute healthcare settings] (2136)

69 exp. animals/ not humans/ (4426250)

70 68 not 69 [Exclude animal studies] (2116)

71 (adolescent/ or exp. child/) not exp. adult/ (1302784)

72 (adolescen* or child* or infan* or neonat* or p?ediatric* or youth).ti,jw. (1500398)

73 70 not (71 or 72) [Exclude pediatric studies] (1845)

74 (comment or editorial or news or newspaper article).pt. (1210379)

75 73 not 74 [Exclude opinion pieces] (1810)

76 (“1996 *” or “1997 *” or “1998 *” or “1999 *” or 200* or 201*).dt. (17023135)

77 and/75–76 [date limit applied] (1410)

78 limit 77 to (english or french) (1322)

79 remove duplicates from 78 (1315)