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Table 1 Baseline characteristics1

From: Association between prehospital arterial hypercapnia and mortality in acute heart failure: a retrospective cohort study

 

All patients

(n = 225)

No prehospital hypercapnia

(n = 93)

Prehospital

hypercapnia

(n = 132)

p-value

Age (y) – median (IQR)

86 (78–90)

86 (77–90)

86 (79–90)

0.554

Sex (f) – n (%)

143 (63.6)

51 (54.8)

92 (69.7)

0.023

Therapeutic limitation – n (%)

113 (50.2)

44 (47.3)

69 (52.3)

0.464

Week-end intervention – n (%)

70 (31.1)

34 (36.6)

36 (27.7)

0.138

Night intervention – n (%)

114 (50.67)

41 (44.1)

73 (55.3)

0.245

Length of intervention (min) – median (IQR)

39 (34–47)

42 (35–47)

38 (34–46.5)

0.187

Personal history – n (%)

Hypertension

190 (84.4)

74 (79.6)

116 (87.9)

0.090

Coronary heart disease

77 (34.2)

37 (39.8)

40 (30.3)

0.140

Atrial fibrillation

100 (44.4)

54 (40.9)

46 (49.5)

0.204

Pacemaker

41 (18.2)

19 (20.4)

22 (16.7)

0.471

Active cancer

14 (6.2)

5 (5.4)

9 (6.8)

0.659

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

30 (13.3)

12 (12.9)

18 (13.6)

0.873

Diabetes mellitus

60 (26.7)

23 (24.7)

37 (28.0)

0.582

Chronic renal failure

114 (50.7)

45 (48.4)

69 (52.3)

0.567

Prior hospitalisation for heart failure

93 (41.3)

33 (35.5)

60 (45.5)

0.135

Tobacco

26 (11.6)

10 (10.8)

16 (12.1)

0.752

Prehospital vital signs

Heart rate (1/min) – mean ± SD

108.2 ± 23.3

105.3 ± 24.1

110.2 ± 22.5

0.123

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) – mean ± SD

172.8 ± 33.1

167.7 ± 32.0

176.4 ± 33.5

0.052

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) – mean ± SD

99.2 ± 21.8

93.7 ± 18.8

103.6 ± 23.0

0.036

Respiratory rate (1/min) – mean ± SD

36.0 ± 7.6

35.2 ± 8.1

36.5 ± 7.3

0.884

Oxygen saturation (%) – median (IQR)

88 (80–93)

88 (80–91)

88 (78.5–95)

0.624

Oxygen saturation < 95% – n (%)

175 (77.8)

80 (86.0)

95 (72.0)

0.013

Oxygen saturation < 90% – n (%)

141 (62.7)

60 (64.5)

81 (61.4)

0.630

GCS = 15 – n (%)

158 (70.2)

76 (81.7)

82 (62.1)

0.002

 Prehospital PaCO2 (kPa) – median (IQR)

6.2 (5.3–7.7)

5.1 (4.7–5.6)

7.4 (6.6–8.9)

< 0.001

 Prehospital pH – median (IQR)

7.31 (7.25–7.38)

7.38 (7.32–7.42)

7.26 (7.20–7.31)

< 0.001

 Prehospital bicarbonate – median (IQR)

24 (21–28)

22.0 (19.7–24.1)

26.2 (22.5–30.5)

< 0.001

 Prehospital NIV – n (%)

193 (85.8)

69 (74.2)

124 (93.9)

< 0.001

Laboratory values

Creatinine (μmol/l) – median (IQR)

112 (81–146)

114 (84–151)

108 (80–143)

0.364

Pro-BNP (pg/ml)– median (IQR)

3583 (1834–8847)

4085 (2000–12,220)

3322 (1801–6722)

0.393

  1. 1 SD standard deviation, IQR Interquartile range, NIV Non-invasive ventilation, GCS Glasgow coma scale, pro-BNP pro-brain natriuretic peptide. Therapeutic limitation was defined as “Advanced care planning preventing intensive care unit admission”