Table 1 Baseline and injury characteristics of the study population

Age, median [IQR], y

70 [65–75]

75 [68–80]

70 [64–74]

0.1759

> 65 y, n (%)

42 (72.4)

11 (84.6)

31 (68.8)

2.38 (0.48–12.72)

0.3183

Male sex, n (%)

46 (79.3)

12 (92.3)

34 (75.6)

0.25 (0.03–2.21)

0.2640

Body mass index, median [IQR]

22 [20–24]

22 [21–25]

21 [20–25]

0.0572

> 24, n (%)

13 (22.4)

3 (23.1)

10 (22.2)

1.05 (0.24–4.56)

1.0000

CCI, median [IQR]

0 [0–1]

1 [0–3]

0 [0–1]

0.1020

> 1, n (%)

11 (18.9)

5 (38.4)

6 (13.3)

4.06 (0.99–16.63)

0.1010

Pulmonary centrilobular emphysema, n (%)

14 (24.1)

3 (23.1)

11 (24.4)

0.92 (0.21–3.98)

1.0000

Cervical OPLL, n (%)

13 (22.4)

3 (23.1)

10 (22.2)

1.05 (0.24–4.56)

1.0000

DISH, n (%)

8 (13.8)

2 (15.4)

6 (13.3)

1.18 (0.21–6.69)

1.0000

Initial GCS, median [IQR]

15 [14–15]

14 [13–15]

15 [14–15]

0.0827

< 15, n (%)

20 (34.4)

7 (53.8)

13 (28.8)

2.87 (0.81–10.19)

0.1112

Initial bradycardia, n (%)

18 (31.1)

5 (38.5)

13 (28.9)

1.53 (0.42–5.58)

0.5156

Initial hypotension, n (%)

14 (24.1)

4 (30.8)

10 (22.2)

1.55 (0.39–6.13)

0.7138

Fall, n (%)

36 (62.1)

9 (69.2)

27 (60.0)

1.50 (0.40–5.61)

0.7475

Motor vehicle accident, n (%)

18 (31.1)

2 (15.4)

16 (35.6)

0.32 (0.06–1.67)

0.3068

ISS, median [IQR]

17 [16–22]

25 [18–26]

17 [16–18]

0.0023*

ISS > 25, n (%)

14 (24.1)

7 (53.8)

7 (15.5)

6.33 (1.63–24.57)

0.0088*

ISS > 16, n (%)

53 (91.3)

13 (100)

40 (88.9)

N/A

0.5773

 1, n (%)

1 (1.7)

0

1 (2.2)

N/A

1.0000

 2, n (%)

2 (3.4)

1 (7.7)

1 (2.2)

3.66 (0.21–63.03)

0.4010

 3, n (%)

2 (3.4)

0

2 (4.4)

N/A

1.0000

 4, n (%)

1 (1.7)

0

1 (2.2)

N/A

1.0000

 5

0

0

0

 Lung injury, n (%)

2 (3.4)

1 (7.7)

1 (2.2)

3.66 (0.21–63.03)

0.4010

 Bony thorax injury, n (%)

1 (1.7)

0

1 (2.2)

N/A

1.0000

 Thoracic vertebral fracture, n (%)

4 (7.0)

1 (7.7)

3 (6.7)

1.16 (0.11–12.26)

1.0000

 A, n (%)

9 (15.5)

4 (30.8)

5 (11.1)

3.55 ((0.79–15.84)

0.1025

 B, n (%)

18 (31.1)

7 (53.9)

11 (24.4)

3.61 (0.99–13.03)

0.0851

 C, n (%)

17 (29.3)

2 (15.4)

15 (33.3)

0.36 (0.07–1.85)

0.3068

 D, n (%)

14 (24.1)

0

14 (31.1)

N/A

0.0269*

 Motor-complete injury, n (%)

27 (46.6)

11 (84.6)

16 (35.6)

9.96 (1.96–50.65)

0.0034*

 C3, n (%)

12 (20.7)

1 (7.7)

11 (24.4)

0.25 (0.03–2.21)

0.2640

 C4, n (%)

10 (17.2)

4 (30.8)

6 (13.3)

2.88 (0.67–12.41)

0.2083

 C5, n (%)

22 (37.9)

7 (53.9)

15 (33.3)

2.33 (0.66–8.17)

0.2078

 C6, n (%)

14 (24.1)

1 (7.7)

13 (28.9)

0.21 (0.02–1.74)

0.1553

 Level of injury above C5, n (%)

22 (37.9)

5 (38.5)

17 (37.8)

1.03 (0.28–3.66)

1.0000