Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
---|---|
• Age ≥ 18 years • Moderate-to-severe pain (NRS ≥ 4) secondary to minor trauma (e.g. fractures, luxation of big joints) • Conscious patients • Ability to give verbal informed consent | • Refusal of participation in this trial • Known personal or familial hypersensitivity to fluorinated anaesthetics, esp. malignant hyperthermia, or opioids • Respiratory depression • Cardiovascular instability • Need for induction of general anaesthesia or deep analgosedation • Renal or hepatic impairment • Inability to understand the purpose of the study, perform self-assessments and give verbal informed consent • Degenerative diseases or mental illness that may interfere with pain intensity evaluation • Acute intoxication with drugs or alcohol • Severe head/brain trauma • Life-threatening condition requiring immediate admission to the operating room or intensive care unit • Ongoing use of opioid analgesic agents for chronic pain • Pregnancy or lactation |