Fig. 1
Source: National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
Annual trends in rates of national emergency department visits related to cocaine, psychostimulant, or opioid use, 2008–2018. Emergency department visits categorized by drug-type if any of the top three ICD9-CM/ICD10-CM diagnoses codes were related to opioid, cocaine, or psychostimulant use. Visits were mutually exclusive for drug type, as visits associated with two or more drug-categories were excluded. Rates were calculated by dividing weighted number of visits in each year by US Census Bureau estimates of civilian, noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 and older for that year. All rates per 10,000 population.