Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients
| Â | Training Cohort | Validation Cohort |
|---|---|---|
n | 5202 | 1301 |
Age,year | 77.00 (70.00, 83.00) | 76.00 (70.00, 83.00) |
Sex (%) | ||
 Male | 2596 (49.9) | 643 (49.4) |
 Female | 2606 (50.1) | 658 (50.6) |
Weight,kg | 75.00 (63.30, 89.88) | 73.30 (61.90, 88.60) |
First care unit (%) | ||
 MICU/SICU | 2699 (51.9) | 668 (51.3) |
 TSICU | 1210 (23.3) | 306 (23.5) |
 CCU | 1104 (21.2) | 274 (21.1) |
 Other | 189 ( 3.6) | 53 ( 4.1) |
Ethnicity (%) | ||
 White | 3693 (71.0) | 902 (69.3) |
 Black | 492 ( 9.5) | 121 ( 9.3) |
 Other | 1017 (19.6) | 278 (21.4) |
Ventilator (%) | ||
 No | 1753 (33.7) | 441 (33.9) |
 Yes | 3449 (66.3) | 860 (66.1) |
Vasopressor (%) | ||
 No | 2917 (56.1) | 720 (55.3) |
 Yes | 2285 (43.9) | 581 (44.7) |
CRRT(%) | Â | Â |
 No | 4866 (93.5) | 1228 (94.4) |
 Yes | 336 ( 6.5) | 73 ( 5.6) |
Comorbidity | ||
 Myocardial infarct (%) | ||
  No | 4204 (80.8) | 1034 (79.5) |
  Yes | 998 (19.2) | 267 (20.5) |
 Congestive heart failure (%) | ||
  No | 3184 (61.2) | 796 (61.2) |
  Yes | 2018 (38.8) | 505 (38.8) |
 Peripheral vascular disease (%) | ||
  No | 4449 (85.5) | 1123 (86.3) |
  Yes | 753 (14.5) | 178 (13.7) |
 Cerebrovascular disease (%) | ||
  No | 4334 (83.3) | 1108 (85.2) |
  Yes | 868 (16.7) | 193 (14.8) |
 Dementia (%) | ||
  No | 4748 (91.3) | 1184 (91.0) |
  Yes | 454 ( 8.7) | 117 ( 9.0) |
 Chronic pulmonary disease (%) | ||
  No | 3751 (72.1) | 912 (70.1) |
  Yes | 1451 (27.9) | 389 (29.9) |
 Rheumatic disease (%) | ||
  No | 4983 (95.8) | 1253 (96.3) |
  Yes | 219 ( 4.2) | 48 ( 3.7) |
 Peptic ulcer disease (%) | ||
  No | 5033 (96.8) | 1255 (96.5) |
  Yes | 169 ( 3.2) | 46 ( 3.5) |
 Mild liver disease (%) | ||
  No | 4718 (90.7) | 1179 (90.6) |
  Yes | 484 ( 9.3) | 122 ( 9.4) |
 Diabetes uncomplicated (%) | ||
  No | 3818 (73.4) | 996 (76.6) |
  Yes | 1384 (26.6) | 305 (23.4) |
 Diabetes complicated (%) | ||
  No | 4600 (88.4) | 1163 (89.4) |
  Yes | 602 (11.6) | 138 (10.6) |
 Paraplegia (%) | ||
  No | 4918 (94.5) | 1237 (95.1) |
  Yes | 284 ( 5.5) | 64 ( 4.9) |
 Renal disease (%) | ||
  No | 3613 (69.5) | 911 (70.0) |
  Yes | 1589 (30.5) | 390 (30.0) |
 Malignant cancer (%) | ||
  No | 4468 (85.9) | 1116 (85.8) |
  Yes | 734 (14.1) | 185 (14.2) |
 Severe liver disease (%) | ||
  No | 5005 (96.2) | 1243 (95.5) |
  Yes | 197 ( 3.8) | 58 ( 4.5) |
 Metastatic solid tumor (%) | ||
  No | 4895 (94.1) | 1233 (94.8) |
  Yes | 307 ( 5.9) | 68 ( 5.2) |
 AIDS (%) | ||
  No | 5196 (99.9) | 1297 (99.7) |
  Yes | 6 ( 0.1) | 4 ( 0.3) |
Laboratory tests | ||
  WBC (k/uL) | 11.80 (8.20, 16.70) | 11.80 (8.00, 16.80) |
  RBC (m/uL) | 3.36 (2.93, 3.85) | 3.38 (2.93, 3.88) |
  Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.00 (8.70, 11.40) | 10.00 (8.70, 11.50) |
  Hematocrit (%) | 30.90 (27.10, 35.10) | 31.00 (27.00, 35.20) |
  RDW (%) | 15.20 (14.10, 16.90) | 15.30 (14.10, 16.80) |
  MCH (IU/mL) | 30.10 (28.40, 31.50) | 30.10 (28.60, 31.40) |
  MCHC (%) | 32.50 (31.40, 33.60) | 32.50 (31.30, 33.50) |
  MCV (fL) | 92.00 (88.00, 97.00) | 92.00 (88.00, 97.00) |
  PLT(k/uL) | 191.00 (133.00, 266.00) | 193.00 (136.00, 269.00) |
  INR PT (s) | 1.30 (1.20, 1.70) | 1.30 (1.20, 1.70) |
  PT (s) | 14.80 (13.00, 18.50) | 14.80 (12.90, 18.30) |
  PTT (s) | 32.10 (27.90, 40.20) | 32.20 (28.20, 40.20) |
  Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.70 (1.20, 2.60) | 1.70 (1.20, 2.60) |
  Calculated Total CO2 | 24.00 (20.00, 28.00) | 24.00 (21.00, 28.00) |
  PaCO2 (mmHg) | 40.00 (34.00, 47.00) | 40.00 (34.00, 47.00) |
  pH | 7.37 (7.30, 7.43) | 7.38 (7.31, 7.43) |
  PaO2 (mmHg) | 86.00 (50.00, 155.00) | 86.00 (50.00, 161.00) |
  ALT (IU/L) | 25.00 (15.00, 52.00) | 24.00 (15.00, 50.00) |
  AST (IU/L) | 34.50 (22.00, 73.00) | 34.00 (23.00, 68.00) |
  Albumin (mg/dL) | 2.90 (2.40, 3.30) | 2.90 (2.50, 3.20) |
  AP (IU/L) | 90.00 (64.00, 132.75) | 90.00 (64.00, 139.00) |
  Bilirubin Total (mg/dL) | 0.60 (0.40, 1.20) | 0.60 (0.40, 1.20) |
  Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL) | 28.00 (18.00, 45.00) | 27.00 (18.00, 44.00) |
  Creatinine (g/dL) | 1.20 (0.80, 1.90) | 1.20 (0.80, 1.90) |
  Glucose (mg/dL) | 132.00 (105.00, 172.00) | 130.00 (104.00, 172.00) |
  AG (mEq/L) | 15.00 (12.00, 18.00) | 15.00 (12.00, 18.00) |
  Base Excess(mEq/L) | -1.00 (-5.00, 1.00) | -1.00 (-5.00, 1.00) |
  Calcium Total (EU/dL) | 8.20 (7.70, 8.70) | 8.20 (7.70, 8.70) |
  Chloride (mEq/L) | 104.00 (100.00, 109.00) | 104.00 (100.00, 109.00) |
  Magnesium (mg/dL) | 1.90 (1.70, 2.20) | 1.90 (1.70, 2.20) |
  Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 22.00 (19.00, 26.00) | 22.00 (19.00, 26.00) |
  Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.60 (2.90, 4.40) | 3.60 (2.90, 4.40) |
  Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.10 (3.70, 4.60) | 4.10 (3.70, 4.60) |
  Sodium (mEq/L) | 139.00 (136.00, 142.00) | 139.00 (136.00, 142.00) |
  Specific Gravity | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) |
  urineoutput (ml) | 1180.00 (685.00, 1860.00) | 1170.00 (700.00, 1875.00) |
Vital Signs | ||
  Mean heartrate (min-1) | 84.60 (74.19, 96.95) | 85.56 (75.64, 97.23) |
  Mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 112.15 (104.08, 123.71) | 112.04 (103.65, 123.23) |
  Mean diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 57.75 (51.91, 64.19) | 57.33 (51.27, 64.06) |
  Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.78 (67.32, 79.44) | 72.69 (67.04, 79.24) |
  Mean respiratory rate (min-1) | 19.85 (17.38, 22.68) | 19.83 (17.47, 22.58) |
  Mean temperature (℃) | 36.80 (36.54, 37.13) | 36.80 (36.53, 37.10) |
  Mean SpO2 (%) | 97.15 (95.75, 98.44) | 97.21 (95.79, 98.48) |