| |
0 h
|
1 h
|
3 h
|
5 h
|
12 h
|
24 h
|
p-valuea
|
|---|
|
CPOT
| | | | | | | |
|
Sufentanil
|
3.42 ± 1.37
|
2.63 ± 1.50
|
1.92 ± 1.44
|
1.29 ± 1.16
|
1.05 ± 1.13
|
0.92 ± 1.09
|
< 0.001
|
|
Nalbuphine
|
3.43 ± 1.36
|
2.20 ± 1.16
|
1.60 ± 1.03
|
1.28 ± 1.04
|
1.05 ± 0.89
|
0.95 ± 0.92
|
< 0.001
|
|
p-valueb
|
0.990
|
0.157
|
0.260
|
0.954
|
0.991
|
0.897
| |
|
RASS
| | | | | | | |
|
Sufentanil
|
1.61 ± 0.79
|
0.82 ± 0.87
|
0.50 ± 0.86
|
0.16 ± 0.79
|
0.00 ± 0.62
|
-0.03 ± 0.50
|
< 0.001
|
|
Nalbuphine
|
1.48 ± 0.88
|
0.75 ± 1.10
|
0.38 ± 0.90
|
-0.18 ± 1.01
|
-0.21 ± 1.06
|
-0.41 ± 1.02
|
< 0.001
|
|
p-valueb
|
0.493
|
0.771
|
0.533
|
0.110
|
0.304
|
0.040
| |
|
SBP (mm/Hg)
| | | | | | | |
|
Sufentanil
|
128.21 ± 3.43
|
124.97 ± 3.04
|
123.45 ± 3.61
|
123.84 ± 2.91
|
124.51 ± 2.76
|
126.42 ± 2.90
|
0.912
|
|
Nalbuphine
|
124.05 ± 3.12
|
125.08 ± 2.70
|
121.95 ± 2.47
|
118.25 ± 2.37
|
118.13 ± 2.48
|
121.18 ± 2.66
|
0.286
|
|
p-valueb
|
0.371
|
0.980
|
0.731
|
0.139
|
0.089
|
0.186
| |
|
DBP (mm/Hg)
| | | | | | | |
|
Sufentanil
|
71.26 ± 2.07
|
69.34 ± 1.53
|
66.87 ± 1.85
|
65.92 ± 2.23
|
69.89 ± 1.63
|
69.44 ± 1.73
|
0.418
|
|
Nalbuphine
|
75.20 ± 1.88
|
75.45 ± 1.68
|
73.05 ± 1.45
|
71.13 ± 1.54
|
68.46 ± 1.44
|
70.67 ± 1.55
|
0.010
|
|
p-valueb
|
0.162
|
0.009
|
0.010
|
0.056
|
0.511
|
0.599
| |
|
HR (bpm/min)
| | | | | | | |
|
Sufentanil
|
99.71 ± 3.85
|
98.26 ± 3.90
|
95.89 ± 3.49
|
94.58 ± 3.41
|
92.27 ± 3.08
|
92.25 ± 3.47
|
0.580
|
|
Nalbuphine
|
92.78 ± 3.27
|
91.13 ± 3.05
|
88.28 ± 3.09
|
86.70 ± 2.91
|
88.31 ± 3.03
|
89.28 ± 2.82
|
0.766
|
|
p-valueb
|
0.172
|
0.151
|
0.105
|
0.082
|
0.362
|
0.507
| |
|
SpO2 (%)
| | | | | | | |
|
Sufentanil
|
97.34 ± 0.64
|
97.87 ± 0.34
|
98.08 ± 0.31
|
97.79 ± 0.37
|
98.16 ± 0.32
|
98.00 ± 0.64
|
0.872
|
|
Nalbuphine
|
96.52 ± 1.05
|
97.43 ± 0.67
|
97.51 ± 0.64
|
98.10 ± 0.32
|
98.41 ± 0.28
|
97.72 ± 0.42
|
0.296
|
|
p-valueb
|
0.510
|
0.561
|
0.430
|
0.525
|
0.562
|
0.709
| |
- Abbreviation: CPOT Critical Care Pain Observation Tool, RASS Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HR, heart rate, SpO2, oxygen saturation
- Data were presented as mean ± standard error (SE) or median with inter-quartile range (IQR). Bold indicates a statistically significant difference with a p-value less than 0.05
- aThe P-value was calculated using the generalized estimating equation method
- bThe Student t test was used to analyze the differences between groups at indicated time points
