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Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics of patients with trauma in trauma dataset

From: A prediction model for massive hemorrhage in trauma: a retrospective observational study

Characteristic

Total

Massive Hemorrhage

P value

Yes

No

No.

2353

377

1976

 

Male, n (%)

1819 (77.31%)

273 (72.41%)

1546 (78.24%)

0.013*

Age, mean (SD), y

47.25 (17.34)

46.48 (16.01)

47.40 (17.59)

0.340

Clinical symptoms, n (%)

 Unconsciousness

522 (34.30%)

95 (41.67%)

427 (33.00%)

0.011*

 Oliguria or anuria

108 (5.54%)

19 (6.27%)

89 (5.41%)

0.550

Vital signs, mean (SD)

 Heart rate, beats/min

95.45 (24.22)

108.33 (27.15)

92.98 (22.81)

< 0.001*

 Respiratory rate, breaths/min

20.13 (2.40)

20.17 (2.23)

19.91 (3.14)

0.051

 Pulse pressure, mmHg

50.50 (17.58)

43.72 (16.03)

51.78 (17.57)

< 0.001*

 Body temperature, °C

36.75 (0.77)

36.63 (0.87)

36.77 (0.75)

0.001*

 Peripheral oxygen saturation, %

96.25 (5.08)

94.86 (7.78)

96.52 (4.34)

< 0.001*

Laboratory findings, mean (SD)

 Pondus Hydrogenii

7.39 (0.09)

7.35 (0.13)

7.40 (0.08)

< 0.001*

 PaO2, mmHg

123.01 (67.01)

131.89 (83.60)

121.29 (63.19)

0.006*

 PaCO2, mmHg

36.84 (8.76)

35.05 (11.71)

37.18 (8.03)

< 0.001*

 Lactic acid, mmol/L

2.89 (2.73)

4.53 (3.94)

2.57 (2.31)

< 0.001*

 Base excess, mmol/L

−2.13 (4.80)

−5.49 (5.97)

−1.48 (4.25)

< 0.001*

 Hemoglobin, g/L

123.26 (28.50)

91.22 (28.32)

129.38 (24.11)

< 0.001*

 Mean corpuscular volume, fl

88.86 (5.17)

88.72 (6.45)

88.89 (4.89)

0.560

 Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, pg

30.97 (2.10)

30.76 (2.87)

31.01 (1.92)

0.037*

 MCHC, g/L

348.48 (13.71)

346.34 (16.69)

348.89 (13.02)

< 0.001*

 RDW, %

12.84 (1.30)

13.28 (1.78)

12.76 (1.17)

< 0.001*

 Platelet count, × 109/L

202.42 (82.15)

169.67 (78.80)

208.70 (81.30)

< 0.001*

 Mean platelet volume, fl

10.37 (1.02)

10.45 (1.04)

10.35 (1.01)

0.090

 WBC count, ×109/L

14.73 (6.50)

15.66 (7.35)

14.55 (6.31)

0.002*

 Neutrophil count, ×109/L

0.88 (1.07)

1.02 (2.60)

0.85 (0.23)

0.004*

 Eosinophil count, × 109/L

0.00 (0.02)

0.00 (0.05)

0.00 (0.01)

0.340

 Basophil count, ×109/L

0.00 (0.00)

0.00 (0.00)

0.00 (0.00)

< 0.001*

 Lymphocyte count, ×109/L

0.12 (0.35)

0.17 (0.85)

0.10 (0.10)

< 0.001*

 Monocyte count, ×109/L

0.05 (0.05)

0.06 (0.11)

0.05 (0.02)

0.002*

 Fibrinogen, g/L

2.92 (1.66)

2.30 (1.85)

3.04 (1.59)

< 0.001*

 Thrombin time, s

17.24 (14.30)

18.71 (16.12)

16.96 (13.92)

0.030*

 Prothrombin Time, s

15.89 (8.30)

19.76 (13.66)

15.16 (6.58)

< 0.001*

 APTT, s

37.55 (16.07)

45.11 (25.14)

36.12 (13.23)

< 0.001*

 International normalized ratio

1.27 (0.65)

1.68 (1.35)

1.19 (0.33)

< 0.001*

 D-dimer level, μg/mL

9.93 (7.73)

12.85 (7.61)

9.37 (7.64)

< 0.001*

 Alanine aminotransferase, U/L

98.57 (287.07)

139.51 (341.30)

90.75 (274.91)

0.002*

 Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L

133.15 (532.54)

198.93 (521.61)

120.59 (533.81)

0.009*

 γ-glutamyl transferase, U/L

47.03 (79.39)

39.31 (56.80)

48.50 (82.94)

0.039*

 Alkaline phosphatase, U/L

71.16 (52.89)

62.53 (68.06)

72.81 (49.31)

< 0.001*

 Total bilirubin, umol/L

16.85 (28.78)

14.64 (30.66)

17.27 (28.40)

0.100

 Direct bilirubin, umol/L

7.13 (21.74)

6.81 (23.86)

7.20 (21.32)

0.750

 Total protein, g/L

62.38 (11.01)

49.99 (12.04)

64.75 (9.05)

< 0.001*

 Albumin, g/L

37.45 (7.35)

29.92 (7.66)

38.89 (6.34)

< 0.001*

 Blood creatinine, umol/L

87.64 (74.45)

108.37 (104.94)

83.68 (66.38)

< 0.001*

 Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L

6.83 (4.87)

7.84 (6.33)

6.64 (4.51)

< 0.001*

 Serum uric acid, umol/L

341.32 (140.79)

354.63 (147.54)

338.78 (139.36)

0.045*

 Sodium, mmol/L

139.20 (5.01)

140.28 (4.96)

139.00 (5.00)

< 0.001*

 Potassium, mmol/L

3.83 (0.61)

3.90 (0.77)

3.82 (0.58)

0.013*

 Calcium, mmol/L

1.91 (0.41)

1.80 (0.33)

1.93 (0.42)

< 0.001*

 Chloride, mmol/L

104.60 (5.69)

107.58 (6.41)

104.03 (5.36)

< 0.001*

 Phosphorus, mmol/L

0.97 (0.43)

1.13 (0.60)

0.94 (0.37)

< 0.001*

 Magnesium, mmol/L

0.81 (0.13)

0.79 (0.15)

0.82 (0.12)

0.003*

 Creatine kinase, U/L

1179.65 (4600.74)

1791.84 (4063.52)

1063.05 (4687.99)

0.005*

 Creatine kinase isoenzyme, ng/ml

12.18 (31.01)

20.73 (33.47)

10.54 (30.26)

< 0.001*

 Myoglobin, ng/ml

914.82 (2677.44)

1957.96 (3744.09)

715.80 (2370.86)

< 0.001*

 Troponin T, ng/ml

0.10 (1.23)

0.16 (0.34)

0.09 (1.34)

0.330

 Pro-BNP, pg/ml

627.56 (3075.27)

690.54 (3209.17)

615.57 (3049.79)

0.660

 Amylase, U/L

103.47 (196.55)

135.41 (230.84)

97.38 (188.76)

< 0.001*

 Lipase, U/L

143.74 (366.58)

166.30 (336.37)

139.44 (371.98)

0.190

 Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L

415.85 (514.39)

503.69 (510.98)

399.12 (513.46)

< 0.001*

 Blood glucose, mmol/L

9.08 (3.83)

10.45 (4.94)

8.82 (3.52)

< 0.001*

 C-reactive protein, mg/dl

2.47 (4.78)

2.52 (4.65)

2.46 (4.80)

0.810

Imaging results, n (%)

 Displaced pelvic fracture

272 (11.56%)

96 (25.46%)

176 (8.91%)

< 0.001*

 CT scan or FAST positive

883 (37.53%)

216 (57.30%)

667 (33.76%)

< 0.001*

  1. P value is the difference analysis result between the massive hemorrhage group and the non-massive hemorrhage group. The quantitative data were expressed by mean (SD); the differences were analyzed by the t-test. The classified data were expressed by n (%), and the differences were analyzed by the Chi-square test. * represents the difference is statistically significant. SD Standard deviation, PaO2 Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, PaCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, MCHC Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, RDW Red cell distribution width, WBC White blood cell, APTT Activated partial thromboplastin time, Pro-BNP Pro-brain natriuretic peptide, CT Computed tomography; FAST focused assessment with sonography for trauma