From: A prediction model for massive hemorrhage in trauma: a retrospective observational study
Characteristic | Total | Massive Hemorrhage | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
No. | 2353 | 377 | 1976 | |
Male, n (%) | 1819 (77.31%) | 273 (72.41%) | 1546 (78.24%) | 0.013* |
Age, mean (SD), y | 47.25 (17.34) | 46.48 (16.01) | 47.40 (17.59) | 0.340 |
Clinical symptoms, n (%) | ||||
Unconsciousness | 522 (34.30%) | 95 (41.67%) | 427 (33.00%) | 0.011* |
Oliguria or anuria | 108 (5.54%) | 19 (6.27%) | 89 (5.41%) | 0.550 |
Vital signs, mean (SD) | ||||
Heart rate, beats/min | 95.45 (24.22) | 108.33 (27.15) | 92.98 (22.81) | < 0.001* |
Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 20.13 (2.40) | 20.17 (2.23) | 19.91 (3.14) | 0.051 |
Pulse pressure, mmHg | 50.50 (17.58) | 43.72 (16.03) | 51.78 (17.57) | < 0.001* |
Body temperature, °C | 36.75 (0.77) | 36.63 (0.87) | 36.77 (0.75) | 0.001* |
Peripheral oxygen saturation, % | 96.25 (5.08) | 94.86 (7.78) | 96.52 (4.34) | < 0.001* |
Laboratory findings, mean (SD) | ||||
Pondus Hydrogenii | 7.39 (0.09) | 7.35 (0.13) | 7.40 (0.08) | < 0.001* |
PaO2, mmHg | 123.01 (67.01) | 131.89 (83.60) | 121.29 (63.19) | 0.006* |
PaCO2, mmHg | 36.84 (8.76) | 35.05 (11.71) | 37.18 (8.03) | < 0.001* |
Lactic acid, mmol/L | 2.89 (2.73) | 4.53 (3.94) | 2.57 (2.31) | < 0.001* |
Base excess, mmol/L | −2.13 (4.80) | −5.49 (5.97) | −1.48 (4.25) | < 0.001* |
Hemoglobin, g/L | 123.26 (28.50) | 91.22 (28.32) | 129.38 (24.11) | < 0.001* |
Mean corpuscular volume, fl | 88.86 (5.17) | 88.72 (6.45) | 88.89 (4.89) | 0.560 |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, pg | 30.97 (2.10) | 30.76 (2.87) | 31.01 (1.92) | 0.037* |
MCHC, g/L | 348.48 (13.71) | 346.34 (16.69) | 348.89 (13.02) | < 0.001* |
RDW, % | 12.84 (1.30) | 13.28 (1.78) | 12.76 (1.17) | < 0.001* |
Platelet count, × 109/L | 202.42 (82.15) | 169.67 (78.80) | 208.70 (81.30) | < 0.001* |
Mean platelet volume, fl | 10.37 (1.02) | 10.45 (1.04) | 10.35 (1.01) | 0.090 |
WBC count, ×109/L | 14.73 (6.50) | 15.66 (7.35) | 14.55 (6.31) | 0.002* |
Neutrophil count, ×109/L | 0.88 (1.07) | 1.02 (2.60) | 0.85 (0.23) | 0.004* |
Eosinophil count, × 109/L | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.340 |
Basophil count, ×109/L | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | < 0.001* |
Lymphocyte count, ×109/L | 0.12 (0.35) | 0.17 (0.85) | 0.10 (0.10) | < 0.001* |
Monocyte count, ×109/L | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.11) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.002* |
Fibrinogen, g/L | 2.92 (1.66) | 2.30 (1.85) | 3.04 (1.59) | < 0.001* |
Thrombin time, s | 17.24 (14.30) | 18.71 (16.12) | 16.96 (13.92) | 0.030* |
Prothrombin Time, s | 15.89 (8.30) | 19.76 (13.66) | 15.16 (6.58) | < 0.001* |
APTT, s | 37.55 (16.07) | 45.11 (25.14) | 36.12 (13.23) | < 0.001* |
International normalized ratio | 1.27 (0.65) | 1.68 (1.35) | 1.19 (0.33) | < 0.001* |
D-dimer level, μg/mL | 9.93 (7.73) | 12.85 (7.61) | 9.37 (7.64) | < 0.001* |
Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 98.57 (287.07) | 139.51 (341.30) | 90.75 (274.91) | 0.002* |
Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 133.15 (532.54) | 198.93 (521.61) | 120.59 (533.81) | 0.009* |
γ-glutamyl transferase, U/L | 47.03 (79.39) | 39.31 (56.80) | 48.50 (82.94) | 0.039* |
Alkaline phosphatase, U/L | 71.16 (52.89) | 62.53 (68.06) | 72.81 (49.31) | < 0.001* |
Total bilirubin, umol/L | 16.85 (28.78) | 14.64 (30.66) | 17.27 (28.40) | 0.100 |
Direct bilirubin, umol/L | 7.13 (21.74) | 6.81 (23.86) | 7.20 (21.32) | 0.750 |
Total protein, g/L | 62.38 (11.01) | 49.99 (12.04) | 64.75 (9.05) | < 0.001* |
Albumin, g/L | 37.45 (7.35) | 29.92 (7.66) | 38.89 (6.34) | < 0.001* |
Blood creatinine, umol/L | 87.64 (74.45) | 108.37 (104.94) | 83.68 (66.38) | < 0.001* |
Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 6.83 (4.87) | 7.84 (6.33) | 6.64 (4.51) | < 0.001* |
Serum uric acid, umol/L | 341.32 (140.79) | 354.63 (147.54) | 338.78 (139.36) | 0.045* |
Sodium, mmol/L | 139.20 (5.01) | 140.28 (4.96) | 139.00 (5.00) | < 0.001* |
Potassium, mmol/L | 3.83 (0.61) | 3.90 (0.77) | 3.82 (0.58) | 0.013* |
Calcium, mmol/L | 1.91 (0.41) | 1.80 (0.33) | 1.93 (0.42) | < 0.001* |
Chloride, mmol/L | 104.60 (5.69) | 107.58 (6.41) | 104.03 (5.36) | < 0.001* |
Phosphorus, mmol/L | 0.97 (0.43) | 1.13 (0.60) | 0.94 (0.37) | < 0.001* |
Magnesium, mmol/L | 0.81 (0.13) | 0.79 (0.15) | 0.82 (0.12) | 0.003* |
Creatine kinase, U/L | 1179.65 (4600.74) | 1791.84 (4063.52) | 1063.05 (4687.99) | 0.005* |
Creatine kinase isoenzyme, ng/ml | 12.18 (31.01) | 20.73 (33.47) | 10.54 (30.26) | < 0.001* |
Myoglobin, ng/ml | 914.82 (2677.44) | 1957.96 (3744.09) | 715.80 (2370.86) | < 0.001* |
Troponin T, ng/ml | 0.10 (1.23) | 0.16 (0.34) | 0.09 (1.34) | 0.330 |
Pro-BNP, pg/ml | 627.56 (3075.27) | 690.54 (3209.17) | 615.57 (3049.79) | 0.660 |
Amylase, U/L | 103.47 (196.55) | 135.41 (230.84) | 97.38 (188.76) | < 0.001* |
Lipase, U/L | 143.74 (366.58) | 166.30 (336.37) | 139.44 (371.98) | 0.190 |
Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 415.85 (514.39) | 503.69 (510.98) | 399.12 (513.46) | < 0.001* |
Blood glucose, mmol/L | 9.08 (3.83) | 10.45 (4.94) | 8.82 (3.52) | < 0.001* |
C-reactive protein, mg/dl | 2.47 (4.78) | 2.52 (4.65) | 2.46 (4.80) | 0.810 |
Imaging results, n (%) | ||||
Displaced pelvic fracture | 272 (11.56%) | 96 (25.46%) | 176 (8.91%) | < 0.001* |
CT scan or FAST positive | 883 (37.53%) | 216 (57.30%) | 667 (33.76%) | < 0.001* |