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Table 2 Association between 21 variables and in-hospital mortality among 553 ambulance patients with infection

From: Association between variables measured in the ambulance and in-hospital mortality among adult patients with and without infection: a prospective cohort study

Variable

Category

Crude

Univariable, unadjusted n = 553

Multivariable, adjusted** n = 514

  

n = 553

  

n*

% dead

P-value

OR

95%CI

P-value

OR

95%CI

Keywords related to medical history

Fever or suspected fever

   

0.384

     
 

yes

22/404

5.4

0.585

0.8

0.4–1.8

-

-

-

 

no

9/134

6.7

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

 

inability to answer

2/14

14.3

0.317

2.3

0.5–12.0

-

-

-

Pain

   

 < 0.001

  

0.079

  
 

yes

9/256

3.5

0.157

0.6

0.2–1.3

0.367

0.7

0.3–1.6

 

no

17/274

6.2

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

 

inability to answer

7/21

33.3

0.000

7.6

2.7–21.2

0.059

5.4

0.9–31.5

Acute altered mental status

   

0.520

     
 

yes

18/328

5.5

0.713

0.9

0.4–1.8

-

-

-

 

no

13/208

6.3

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

 

inability to answer

2/16

12.5

0.346

2.1

0.4–10.4

-

-

-

Weakness of the legs

   

0.079

     
 

yes

24/420

5.7

0.646

1.3

0.5–3.4

-

-

-

 

no

5/109

4.6

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

 

inability to answer

4/23

17.4

0.039

4.4

1.1–17.8

-

-

-

Breathing difficulties

   

0.910

     
 

yes

18/280

6.4

0.681

1.2

0.6–2.4

-

-

-

 

no

14/251

5.6

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

 

inability to answer

1/19

5.3

0.954

0.9

0.1–7.6

-

-

-

Loss of energy

   

0.213

     
 

yes

27/491

5.5

0.471

0.7

0.2–2.0

-

-

-

 

no

4/50

8.0

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

 

inability to answer

2/11

18.2

0.318

2.6

0.4–16.1

-

-

-

Gastrointestinal symptoms

   

0.025

  

0.836

  
 

yes

11/188

5.9

0.694

1.2

0.5–2.6

0.558

1.3

0.6–3.0

 

no

17/337

5.0

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

 

inability to answer

5/26

19.2

0.007

4.5

1.5–13.3

0.822

1.2

0.2–7.4

Risk factors for sepsis

   

0.421

     
 

yes

15/229

6.6

0.481

1.3

0.6–2.7

-

-

-

 

no

15/294

5.1

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

 

inability to answer

3/27

11.1

0.206

2.3

0.6–8.6

-

-

-

Vital signs

Respiratory rate, > 24 breaths/min

 

yes

14/189

7.4

0.317

1.4

0.7–2.9

-

-

-

 

no

19/361

5.3

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Oxygen saturation < 94%

 

yes

22/232

9.5

0.005

2.9

1.4–6.2

0.150

1.9

0.8–4.4

 

no

11/319

3.4

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Heart rate > 110 beats/min

 

yes

11/106

10.4

0.038

2.2

1.0–4.8

0.204

1.7

0.7–4.1

 

no

22/446

4.9

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Systolic blood pressure ≤ 100 mmHg

 

yes

6/54

11.1

0.103

2.2

0.9–5.5

-

-

-

 

no

27/496

5.4

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Level of consciousness, GCS < 15

 

yes

12/115

10.4

0.021

2.4

1.1–5.2

0.738

1.2

0.5–2.8

 

no

19/416

4.6

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Temperature, °C

   

0.135

     

 ≤ 38.0

yes

18/235

7.7

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

38.1–38.5

yes

1/91

1.1

0.052

0.1

0.0–1.0

-

-

-

 > 38.5

yes

13/223

5.8

0.437

0.7

0.4–1.6

-

-

-

Blood tests

P-Glucose > 6.5 mmol/L

 

yes

25/410

6.1

0.571

0.8

0.3–1.8

-

-

-

 

no

8/105

7.6

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

P-Lactate, mmol/L

   

0.165

    

-

 ≤ 2.0

yes

19/340

5.6

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

 

2.1–4.0

yes

8/160

5.0

0.786

0.9

0.4–2.6

-

-

-

 > 4.0

yes

5/38

13.2

0.079

2.6

0.9–7.3

-

-

-

P-suPAR, ng/mL

   

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 4.0

yes

1/184

0.5

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

4.0–7.9

yes

14/263

5.3

0.025

10.3

1.3–78.9

0.088

6.1

0.8–49.0

 ≥ 8.0

yes

18/93

19.4

 < 0.001

43.9

5.8–334.9

0.002

25.4

3.2–199.8

P-HBP ≥ 15.0 ng/mL

 

yes

20/235

8.5

0.060

2.0

1.0–4.1

-

-

-

 

no

13/292

4.5

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Demographic variables

Age ≥ 65 years

 

yes

31/476

6.5

0.194

2.6

0.6–11.1

-

-

-

 

no

2/77

2.6

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Gender, male

 

yes

20/331

6.0

0.928

1.0

0.5–2.1

-

-

-

 

no

13/222

5.9

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Charlson comorbidity score ≥ 5 points

 

yes

11/87

12.6

0.006

2.9

1.4–6.3

0.110

2.0

0.9–4.7

 

no

22/466

4.7

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

  1. OR   Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval, Ref = Reference, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, °C = degrees Celsius, suPAR = soluble urokinase Plasminogen Activating Receptor, HBP = Heparin Binding Protein
  2. *of patients with documentation of the variable
  3. **Adjusted for all factors that were significant in the univariable analysis
  4. Bold numbers indicate an in-hospital mortality rate equal to or exceeding 10% and significant P-values, respectively