Table 4 Association between 21 variables and in-hospital mortality among 242 ambulance patients who developed sepsis within 36 h from ED arrival

Keywords related to medical history

Fever or suspected fever

0.507

yes

17/187

9.1

0.540

0.7

0.3–2.0

-

-

-

no

6/49

12.2

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

inability to answer

2/10

20.0

0.518

1.8

0.3–10.5

-

-

-

Pain

 < 0.001

0.006

yes

7/108

6.5

0.434

0.7

0.3–1.8

0.487

0.7

0.2–2.1

no

11/119

9.2

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

inability to answer

7/17

41.2

0.001

7.5

2.3–24.1

0.005

13.2

2.2–78.9

Acute altered mental status

0.378

yes

14/166

8.4

0.227

0.6

0.2–1.4

-

-

-

no

9/67

13.4

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

inability to answer

2/13

15.4

0.798

1.2

0.2–6.6

-

-

-

Weakness of the legs

0.149

yes

18/186

9.7

0.631

1.4

0.4–4.9

-

-

-

no

3/43

7.0

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

inability to answer

4/17

23.5

0.084

4.2

0.8–21.6

-

-

-

Breathing difficulties

0.751

yes

16/139

11.5

0.451

1.4

0.6–3.4

-

-

-

no

8/96

8.3

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

inability to answer

1/10

10.0

0.793

1.3

0.1–12.1

-

-

-

Loss of energy

0.214

yes

21/223

9.4

0.701

0.7

0.2–3.5

-

-

-

no

2/17

11.8

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

inability to answer

2/6

33.3

0.276

3.5

0.4–33.3

-

-

-

Gastrointestinal symptoms

0.044

0.949

yes

9/100

9.0

0.891

1.1

0.4–2.7

0.747

1.2

0.4–3.4

no

11/128

8.6

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

inability to answer

5/18

27.8

0.017

4.4

1.3–14.8

0.995

1.0

0.2–6.4

Risk factors for sepsis

0.392

yes

10/112

8.9

0.834

0.9

0.4–2.2

-

-

-

no

12/119

10.1

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

inability to answer

3/14

21.4

0.216

2.4

0.6–10.0

-

-

-

Vital signs

Respiratory rate > 24 breaths/min

yes

11/111

9.9

0.931

1.0

0.4–2.2

-

-

-

no

14/134

10.4

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Oxygen saturation < 94% %

yes

19/134

14.2

0.026

3.0

1.1–7.7

0.112

2.4

0.8–6.9

no

6/110

5.5

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Heart rate > 110 beats/min

yes

8/62

12.9

0.450

1.4

0.6–3.5

-

-

-

no

17/183

9.3

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Systolic blood pressure ≤ 100 mmHg

yes

5/38

13.2

0.548

1.4

0.5–3.9

-

-

-

no

20/206

9.7

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Level of consciousness, GCS < 15

yes

10/78

12.8

0.363

1.5

0.6–3.5

-

-

-

no

14/157

8.9

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Temperature, °C

0.210

 ≤ 38.0

yes

13/75

17.3

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

38.1–38.5

yes

0/39

0.0

0.998

0.0

0.0-

-

-

-

 > 38.5

yes

11/127

8.7

0.077

0.5

0.2–1.1

-

-

-

Blood tests

P-Glucose > 6.5 mmol/L

yes

19/185

10.3

0.336

0.6

0.2–1.7

-

-

-

no

6/38

15.8

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

P-Lactate, mmol/L

0.144

-

 ≤ 2.0

yes

11/130

8.5

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

2.1–4.0

yes

6/79

7.6

0.820

0.9

0.3–2.5

-

-

-

 > 4.0

yes

6/31

19.4

0.078

2.7

0.9–7.9

-

-

-

P-suPAR, ng/mL

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 4.0

yes

1/62

1.6

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

4.0–7.9

yes

8/116

6.9

0.157

4.6

0.6–37.4

0.511

2.1

0.2–19.7

 ≥ 8.0

yes

15/61

24.6

0.005

19.6

2.5–153.6

0.009

16.1

2.0–128.6

P-HBP ≥ 15.0 ng/mL

yes

17/131

13.0

0.124

2.1

0.8–5.2

-

-

-

no

7/103

6.8

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Demographic variables

Age ≥ 65 years

yes

22/208

10.6

0.631

1.4

0.4–4.8

-

-

-

no

3/38

7.9

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Gender, male

yes

16/156

10.3

0.968

1.0

0.4–2.4

-

-

-

no

9/90

10.0

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-

Charlson comorbidity score ≥ 5 points

yes

8/48

16.7

0.113

2.1

0.8–5.2

-

-

-

no

17/198

8.6

Ref

Ref

Ref

-

Ref

-