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Table 1 Baseline characteristics

From: Predicting hypoglycemia after treatment of hyperkalemia with insulin and glucose (Glu-K60 score)

Characteristics

(n = 385)

Missing – n (%)

Overall

Posttreatment hypoglycemia

(n = 97)

No posttreatment hypoglycemia (n = 288)

P-value*

Number

 

385

97 (25.2)

288 (74.8)

 

Age – year†

0 (0)

59.1 ± 17.4

63 ± 16.8

57.7 ± 17.5

0.010

 ≤ 60 – n (%)∫

 

206 (53.5)

41 (42.3)

165 (57.3)

0.013

 60 – n (%)∫

 

179 (46.5)

56 (57.7)

123 (42.7)

 

Female – n (%)∫

0 (0)

149 (38.7)

37 (38.1)

112 (38.9)

1

Weight – kg†

76 (19.7)

56.3 ± 14.5

54.9 ± 12.6

56.8 ± 15.1

0.306

Height – centimeter†

86 (22.3)

160.5 ± 9.5

160.4 ± 9.7

160.5 ± 9.4

0.919

BMI – kg/m2†∫

86 (22.3)

21.7 ± 4.4

21.3 ± 3.8

21.9 ± 4.5

0.338

 Below 18.5 – n (%)

 

64 (21.4)

20 (25.3)

44 (20)

0.529

 18.5–22.9 – n (%)

 

123 (41.1)

30 (38)

93 (42.3)

 

 23.0–24.9 – n (%)

 

54 (18.1)

17 (21.5)

37 (16.8)

 

 25.0–29.9 – n (%)

 

48 (16.1)

11 (13.9)

37 (16.8)

 

 30.0 or more – n (%)

 

10 (3.3)

1 (1.3)

9 (4.1)

 

Comorbidity – n (%)∫

0 (0)

    

 Hypertension

 

150 (39)

41 (42.3)

109 (37.9)

0.471

 End stage kidney disease (ESKD)

 

114 (29.6)

32 (33)

82 (28.5)

0.441

 Dyslipidemia

 

54 (14)

15 (15.5)

39 (13.5)

0.616

 Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

 

46 (12)

18 (18.6)

28 (9.7)

0.029

 Cirrhosis

 

32 (8.3)

10 (10.3)

22 (7.6)

0.401

 Others

 

190 (49.4)

49 (50.5)

141 (49)

0.815

 None

 

11 (2.9)

2 (2.1)

9 (3.1)

0.737

Body temperature – degree Celsius†

30 (7.8)

36.7 ± 1.0

36.8 ± 0.9

36.7 ± 1.0

0.564

Respiratory rate – per minute†

10 (2.6)

23 ± 6

23 ± 9

22 ± 7

0.403

Heart rate – per minute†

2 (0.5)

90 ± 22

88 ± 24

92 ± 21

0.197

Systolic blood pressure – mm Hg†

1 (0.3)

124 ± 32

126 ± 27

123 ± 33

0.405

Diastolic blood pressure – mm Hg†

1 (0.3)

73 ± 22

74 ± 21

73 ± 22

0.812

Oxygen saturation (SpO2) – %‡

40 (10.4)

98 (94, 100)

98 (92, 100)

98 (94, 100)

0.316

Pretreatment blood glucose – mg/dL (mmol/L)†

17 (4.4)

125 ± 51 (6.9 ± 2.8)

114 ± 59 (6.3 ± 3.3)

128 ± 48 (7.1 ± 2.7)

0.014

Pretreatment serum potassium – mmol/L†

0 (0)

6.4 ± 0.8

6.5 ± 0.6

6.4 ± 0.8

0.369

Pretreatment serum creatinine – mg/dL‡

7 (1.8)

3.7 (1.8, 8.5)

3.7 (2.3, 8)

3.7 (1.8, 8.6)

0.342

Posttreatment blood glucose – mg/dL (mmol/L)†

0 (0)

114 ± 63 (6.3 ± 3.5)

52 ± 13 (2.9 ± 0.7)

135 ± 59 (7.5 ± 3.3)

 < 0.001

Level of posttreatment hypoglycemia – n (%)∫¶

 Level 1 hypoglycemia (54-69 mg/dL or 3.0-3.8 mmol/L)

0 (0)

45 (46.4)

45 (46.4)

0 (0)

 < 0.001

 Level 2 hypoglycemia (< 54 mg/dL or < 3.0 mmol/L)

0 (0)

35 (36.1)

35 (36.1)

0 (0)

 

 Level 3 (severe hypoglycemia)

0 (0)

17 (17.5)

17 (17.5)

0 (0)

 

Posttreatment serum potassium – mmol/L†

16 (4.2)

5.3 ± 0.9

5.4 ± 0.8

5.3 ± 1

0.540

Complete blood count

 Hemoglobin – g/dL†

40 (10.4)

10 ± 2.7

9.7 ± 2.5

10.1 ± 2.7

0.230

 Hematocrit – %†

10 (2.6)

31 ± 8

30 ± 8

31 ± 9

0.311

 White blood cell count – 103 cell/mm3‡

10 (2.6)

10.26 (6.9, 15.4)

8.55 (5.93, 14.66)

11.04 (7.26, 15.73)

0.030

 Platelet count – 103 cell/mm3‡

11 (2.9)

194 (135, 273)

183 (125, 242)

197.5 (138, 290)

0.176

Blood chemistry

 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) – mg/dL‡

9 (2.3)

58 (38, 84)

53 (38, 81)

59 (39, 88)

0.660

 Sodium – mmol/L†

1 (0.3)

134 ± 8

134 ± 8

134 ± 9

0.451

 Chloride – mmol/L†

1 (0.3)

97 ± 10

98 ± 9

97 ± 10

0.162

 Bicarbonate – mmol/L†

2 (0.5)

17 ± 6

17 ± 6

17 ± 6

0.972

Liver function test

 Total protein – g/dL†

66 (17.1)

6.7 ± 1.3

6.5 ± 1.3

6.7 ± 1.3

0.161

 Albumin – g/dL†

61 (15.8)

3.2 ± 0.8

3.1 ± 0.8

3.2 ± 0.8

0.556

 Globulin – g/dL†

67 (17.4)

3.5 ± 1

3.4 ± 0.9

3.6 ± 1

0.167

 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) – IU/L‡

71 (18.4)

112 (74, 200)

103 (70, 202)

113 (75, 196)

0.797

 Cholesterol – mg/dL†

69 (17.9)

149 ± 68

146 ± 72

150 ± 67

0.647

 Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) – IU/L‡

70 (18.2)

42 (24, 175)

42 (26, 208)

42 (23, 162)

0.692

 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) – IU/L‡

69 (17.9)

29 (15, 80)

29 (18, 67)

29 (15, 80)

0.579

 Total bilirubin – mg/dL‡

71 (18.4)

0.7 (0.4, 1.9)

0.7 (0.4, 1.5)

0.7 (0.4, 2)

0.701

 Direct bilirubin – mg/dL‡

72 (18.7)

0.3 (0.2, 1.4)

0.3 (0.2, 1.1)

0.3 (0.2, 1.5)

0.600

 Indirect bilirubin – mg/dL‡

72 (18.7)

0.3 (0.2, 0.7)

0.3 (0.2, 0.6)

0.3 (0.2, 0.7)

0.719

Final diagnosis – n (%)∫

0 (0)

    

 Septic shock

 

48 (12.5)

12 (12.4)

36 (12.5)

1

 Hyponatremia

 

47 (12.2)

6 (6.2)

41 (14.2)

0.047

 Anemia

 

40 (10.4)

12 (12.4)

28 (9.7)

0.447

 Hypertension

 

30 (7.8)

8 (8.3)

22 (7.6)

0.829

 Atrial fibrillation (AF)

 

26 (6.8)

8 (8.3)

18 (6.3)

0.488

 Sepsis

 

23 (6)

9 (9.3)

14 (4.9)

0.136

 Acute kidney injury (AKI)

 

21 (5.5)

5 (5.2)

16 (5.6)

1

 Cancer

 

16 (4.2)

4 (4.1)

12 (4.2)

1

 Cirrhosis

 

12 (3.1)

3 (3.1)

9 (3.1)

1

 Others

 

258 (67)

64 (66)

194 (67.4)

0.804

Treatment location when diagnosed as hyperkalemia – n (%)∫

0 (0)

   

0.045

 Emergency department (ED)

 

178 (46.2)

47 (48.5)

131 (45.5)

0.639

 Inpatient department (IPD)

 

159 (41.3)

32 (33)

127 (44.1)

0.057

 Outpatient department (OPD)

 

48 (12.5)

18 (18.6)

30 (10.4)

0.049

In-hospital mortality – n (%)∫

0 (0)

82 (21.3)

27 (27.8)

55 (19.1)

0.275

  1. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, g/dL gram per deciliter, IU international unit, kg/m2 kilogram per square meter, mg/dL milligram per deciliter, mm Hg millimeter of mercury, mm3 cubic millimeter, mmol/L millimole per liter
  2. *p < 0.05 was statistical significance
  3. †Mean and standard deviation and the difference between groups were analyzed by t-test
  4. ‡Median (interquartile range) and the difference between groups were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U test
  5. ∫ Difference between groups were analyzed by Fisher’s exact test
  6. ¶According to a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the study of diabetes, level 1 hypoglycemia was a glucose level of  54-69 mg/dL (3.0-3.8 mmol/L). Level 2 hypoglycemia was blood glucose level < 54 mg/dL or < 3.0 mmol/L. Level 3 was severe hypoglycemia with severe cognitive impairment requiring external assistance for recovery (Diabetes Care. 2017 Jan;40(1):155–7 and Diabetes Care. 2022 Jan;45(Suppl 1):S83–96)