From: Predicting hypoglycemia after treatment of hyperkalemia with insulin and glucose (Glu-K60 score)
Characteristics (n = 385) | Missing – n (%) | Overall | Posttreatment hypoglycemia (n = 97) | No posttreatment hypoglycemia (n = 288) | P-value* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Â | 385 | 97 (25.2) | 288 (74.8) | Â |
Age – year†| 0 (0) | 59.1 ± 17.4 | 63 ± 16.8 | 57.7 ± 17.5 | 0.010 |
 ≤ 60 – n (%)∫ |  | 206 (53.5) | 41 (42.3) | 165 (57.3) | 0.013 |
 60 – n (%)∫ |  | 179 (46.5) | 56 (57.7) | 123 (42.7) |  |
Female – n (%)∫ | 0 (0) | 149 (38.7) | 37 (38.1) | 112 (38.9) | 1 |
Weight – kg†| 76 (19.7) | 56.3 ± 14.5 | 54.9 ± 12.6 | 56.8 ± 15.1 | 0.306 |
Height – centimeter†| 86 (22.3) | 160.5 ± 9.5 | 160.4 ± 9.7 | 160.5 ± 9.4 | 0.919 |
BMI – kg/m2†∫ | 86 (22.3) | 21.7 ± 4.4 | 21.3 ± 3.8 | 21.9 ± 4.5 | 0.338 |
 Below 18.5 – n (%) |  | 64 (21.4) | 20 (25.3) | 44 (20) | 0.529 |
 18.5–22.9 – n (%) |  | 123 (41.1) | 30 (38) | 93 (42.3) |  |
 23.0–24.9 – n (%) |  | 54 (18.1) | 17 (21.5) | 37 (16.8) |  |
 25.0–29.9 – n (%) |  | 48 (16.1) | 11 (13.9) | 37 (16.8) |  |
 30.0 or more – n (%) |  | 10 (3.3) | 1 (1.3) | 9 (4.1) |  |
Comorbidity – n (%)∫ | 0 (0) |  |  |  |  |
 Hypertension |  | 150 (39) | 41 (42.3) | 109 (37.9) | 0.471 |
 End stage kidney disease (ESKD) |  | 114 (29.6) | 32 (33) | 82 (28.5) | 0.441 |
 Dyslipidemia |  | 54 (14) | 15 (15.5) | 39 (13.5) | 0.616 |
 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) |  | 46 (12) | 18 (18.6) | 28 (9.7) | 0.029 |
 Cirrhosis |  | 32 (8.3) | 10 (10.3) | 22 (7.6) | 0.401 |
 Others |  | 190 (49.4) | 49 (50.5) | 141 (49) | 0.815 |
 None |  | 11 (2.9) | 2 (2.1) | 9 (3.1) | 0.737 |
Body temperature – degree Celsius†| 30 (7.8) | 36.7 ± 1.0 | 36.8 ± 0.9 | 36.7 ± 1.0 | 0.564 |
Respiratory rate – per minute†| 10 (2.6) | 23 ± 6 | 23 ± 9 | 22 ± 7 | 0.403 |
Heart rate – per minute†| 2 (0.5) | 90 ± 22 | 88 ± 24 | 92 ± 21 | 0.197 |
Systolic blood pressure – mm Hg†| 1 (0.3) | 124 ± 32 | 126 ± 27 | 123 ± 33 | 0.405 |
Diastolic blood pressure – mm Hg†| 1 (0.3) | 73 ± 22 | 74 ± 21 | 73 ± 22 | 0.812 |
Oxygen saturation (SpO2) – %‡ | 40 (10.4) | 98 (94, 100) | 98 (92, 100) | 98 (94, 100) | 0.316 |
Pretreatment blood glucose – mg/dL (mmol/L)†| 17 (4.4) | 125 ± 51 (6.9 ± 2.8) | 114 ± 59 (6.3 ± 3.3) | 128 ± 48 (7.1 ± 2.7) | 0.014 |
Pretreatment serum potassium – mmol/L†| 0 (0) | 6.4 ± 0.8 | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 6.4 ± 0.8 | 0.369 |
Pretreatment serum creatinine – mg/dL‡ | 7 (1.8) | 3.7 (1.8, 8.5) | 3.7 (2.3, 8) | 3.7 (1.8, 8.6) | 0.342 |
Posttreatment blood glucose – mg/dL (mmol/L)†| 0 (0) | 114 ± 63 (6.3 ± 3.5) | 52 ± 13 (2.9 ± 0.7) | 135 ± 59 (7.5 ± 3.3) |  < 0.001 |
Level of posttreatment hypoglycemia – n (%)∫¶ | |||||
 Level 1 hypoglycemia (54-69 mg/dL or 3.0-3.8 mmol/L) | 0 (0) | 45 (46.4) | 45 (46.4) | 0 (0) |  < 0.001 |
 Level 2 hypoglycemia (< 54 mg/dL or < 3.0 mmol/L) | 0 (0) | 35 (36.1) | 35 (36.1) | 0 (0) |  |
 Level 3 (severe hypoglycemia) | 0 (0) | 17 (17.5) | 17 (17.5) | 0 (0) |  |
Posttreatment serum potassium – mmol/L†| 16 (4.2) | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 5.3 ± 1 | 0.540 |
Complete blood count | |||||
 Hemoglobin – g/dL†| 40 (10.4) | 10 ± 2.7 | 9.7 ± 2.5 | 10.1 ± 2.7 | 0.230 |
 Hematocrit – %†| 10 (2.6) | 31 ± 8 | 30 ± 8 | 31 ± 9 | 0.311 |
 White blood cell count – 103 cell/mm3‡ | 10 (2.6) | 10.26 (6.9, 15.4) | 8.55 (5.93, 14.66) | 11.04 (7.26, 15.73) | 0.030 |
 Platelet count – 103 cell/mm3‡ | 11 (2.9) | 194 (135, 273) | 183 (125, 242) | 197.5 (138, 290) | 0.176 |
Blood chemistry | |||||
 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) – mg/dL‡ | 9 (2.3) | 58 (38, 84) | 53 (38, 81) | 59 (39, 88) | 0.660 |
 Sodium – mmol/L†| 1 (0.3) | 134 ± 8 | 134 ± 8 | 134 ± 9 | 0.451 |
 Chloride – mmol/L†| 1 (0.3) | 97 ± 10 | 98 ± 9 | 97 ± 10 | 0.162 |
 Bicarbonate – mmol/L†| 2 (0.5) | 17 ± 6 | 17 ± 6 | 17 ± 6 | 0.972 |
Liver function test | |||||
 Total protein – g/dL†| 66 (17.1) | 6.7 ± 1.3 | 6.5 ± 1.3 | 6.7 ± 1.3 | 0.161 |
 Albumin – g/dL†| 61 (15.8) | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 0.556 |
 Globulin – g/dL†| 67 (17.4) | 3.5 ± 1 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 1 | 0.167 |
 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) – IU/L‡ | 71 (18.4) | 112 (74, 200) | 103 (70, 202) | 113 (75, 196) | 0.797 |
 Cholesterol – mg/dL†| 69 (17.9) | 149 ± 68 | 146 ± 72 | 150 ± 67 | 0.647 |
 Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) – IU/L‡ | 70 (18.2) | 42 (24, 175) | 42 (26, 208) | 42 (23, 162) | 0.692 |
 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) – IU/L‡ | 69 (17.9) | 29 (15, 80) | 29 (18, 67) | 29 (15, 80) | 0.579 |
 Total bilirubin – mg/dL‡ | 71 (18.4) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.9) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.7 (0.4, 2) | 0.701 |
 Direct bilirubin – mg/dL‡ | 72 (18.7) | 0.3 (0.2, 1.4) | 0.3 (0.2, 1.1) | 0.3 (0.2, 1.5) | 0.600 |
 Indirect bilirubin – mg/dL‡ | 72 (18.7) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.719 |
Final diagnosis – n (%)∫ | 0 (0) |  |  |  |  |
 Septic shock |  | 48 (12.5) | 12 (12.4) | 36 (12.5) | 1 |
 Hyponatremia |  | 47 (12.2) | 6 (6.2) | 41 (14.2) | 0.047 |
 Anemia |  | 40 (10.4) | 12 (12.4) | 28 (9.7) | 0.447 |
 Hypertension |  | 30 (7.8) | 8 (8.3) | 22 (7.6) | 0.829 |
 Atrial fibrillation (AF) |  | 26 (6.8) | 8 (8.3) | 18 (6.3) | 0.488 |
 Sepsis |  | 23 (6) | 9 (9.3) | 14 (4.9) | 0.136 |
 Acute kidney injury (AKI) |  | 21 (5.5) | 5 (5.2) | 16 (5.6) | 1 |
 Cancer |  | 16 (4.2) | 4 (4.1) | 12 (4.2) | 1 |
 Cirrhosis |  | 12 (3.1) | 3 (3.1) | 9 (3.1) | 1 |
 Others |  | 258 (67) | 64 (66) | 194 (67.4) | 0.804 |
Treatment location when diagnosed as hyperkalemia – n (%)∫ | 0 (0) |  |  |  | 0.045 |
 Emergency department (ED) |  | 178 (46.2) | 47 (48.5) | 131 (45.5) | 0.639 |
 Inpatient department (IPD) |  | 159 (41.3) | 32 (33) | 127 (44.1) | 0.057 |
 Outpatient department (OPD) |  | 48 (12.5) | 18 (18.6) | 30 (10.4) | 0.049 |
In-hospital mortality – n (%)∫ | 0 (0) | 82 (21.3) | 27 (27.8) | 55 (19.1) | 0.275 |