Table 7 Leading causes of injury in the Reviewed studies, with WHO Global Burden of Disease incident cases

'25 Emergency Departments' study

Chen et al [23]

Machine (29.9%)

Transport (24.6%)

Assault (17.8%)

Falls (16.7%)

Poisons (8.6%)

Li et al [24]: City

Machine (32.9%)

Transport (21.8%)

Falls (17.9%)

Assault (13.5%)

Poisons (4.7%)

Li et al [24]: Rural

Transport (35.3%)

Machine (18.2%)

Falls (12%)

Poisons (7.9%)

Assault (7.1%)

NISS Reporting Card studies

Zhang & Zhan [25]

Blunt (28.6%)

Traffic (26.8%)

Falls (16.5%)

Cutting/piercing (8.9%)

Zhou et al [26]

Blunt (28.1%)

Transport (23.8%)

Falls (18.3%)

Cutting/piercing (10.3%)

Poison (6.5%)

Xu et al [27]

Blunt (25.8%)

Falls (25.8%)

Traffic (16.8%)

Cutting/piercing (15.6%)

Other (6.7%)

Li et al [28]

Transport (36%)

Blunt (25%)

Falls (17%)

Cutting/piercing (9%)

Poisons (6.4%)

Collaborative studies

Li & Wang [29]

MVA (36.1%)

Falls (15.3%)

Industrial (11.9%)

Assault (16.8%)

Other (25.1%)

Li et al [30]

Unintentional (80.8%)

Assault (15.6%)

Suicide (3.6%)

Single-centre studies

Li et al [31]

Traffic (38.4%)

Suicide (15.9%)

Assault (12.8%)

Falls (12.2%)

Cutting/piercing (6.2%)

Qu et al [32]

Transport (77.8%)

Machine (9.6%)

Falls (8.5%)

Cutting/piercing (1.2%)

Zhou et al [33]

Transport (39.2%)

Assault (32.7%)

Machine 12.9%)

Burns (2.6%)

Yang et al [34]

Cutting/piercing (41.4%)

Falls (27.6%)

Transport (23%)

Machine (3.7%)

Burns (3.1%)

Wen et al [35]

Traffic (53.4%)

Falls (20.9%)

Cutting/piercing (9.7%)

Assault (10.3%)

Machine (4.5%)

Firearms (0.21%)

Comparator studies

Global Burden Disease (WHO Regions) [46]

The Americas

Violence (35.9%)

Other unintentional^‡ (27.8%)

Falls (19.8%)

Road traffic crashes (13.3%)

Poisoning (2%)

Fires (1%)

Drowning (0.1%)

Europe

Falls (36.4%)

Other unintentional^‡ (33.9%)

Road traffic crashes (12.4%)

Violence (11.1%)

Fires (3.7%)

Poisoning (2.3%)

Drowning (0.1%)

South-East Asia (incl. India)

Other unintentional ^‡ (40.4%)

Falls (28.4%)

Road traffic crashes (16.9%)

Fires (8.3%)

Violence (4.3%)

Poisoning (1.6%)

Drowning (0.1%)

Western Pacific (incl China, Aust)

Other unintentional ^‡ (34.9%)

Road traffic crashes (19.2%)

Violence (4.7%)

Poisoning (2.5%)

Fires (1.8%)

Drowning (0.1%)

Country specific

Australia [47] (hospitalisation)

Falls (36%)

Transportation (14%)

Intentional self-harm (6%)

Assault (6%)

Poisoning, pharmaceuticals (2%)

Fires, burns and scalds (1%)

United States [48] (hospitalisation)

Motor vehicle, cyclist, pedestrian (39.8%)

Falls (30.2%)

Struck by, against (6.7%)

Transport, other (5.3%)

Firearm (5.3%)

Cut/pierce (4.9%)

Fire/burn + flame (2%)

EU-region

EU-27 [49] (fatal)

Self-inflicted (23%)

Road Traffic (20%)

Falls (17%)

Poisoning (5%)

Drowning (3%)

Interpersonal violence (2%)

Fires (2%)

EU-27 [49], hospital admissions

Home, leisure (63%)

Road Traffic (14%)

Sports (8%)

Suicide, self-harm (6%)

Homicide/assault (4%)

Workplace (4%)

School (1%)