Emergency care of traumatic brain injuries in Pakistan: a multicenter study

BMC Emergency Medicine

Table 2 Out-of-pocket treatment costs (US$) for traumatic brain injury patients

	Patient (n)	Average expenses (in US$)	Standard deviation	P*
Total	803	8.39	23.75
Outcome				<0.001
- Discharged	536	3.27	5.35
- Admitted	229	18.17	40.33
- Died	38	21.64	25.20
Age				0.05
0-14 years	202	8.94	16.57
15-24 years	206	5.93	11.53
25 - 44 years	260	8.20	19.79
45 +years	105	14.00	50.19
Gender				0.06
Male	608	9.20	26.33
Female	186	5.94	12.87
Intent of injury				0.25
- Unintentional	637	8.71	24.91
- Intentional	102	6.15	24.93
Arrived by ambulance				<0.001
- Yes	135	20.37	48.99
- No	633	2.62	4.20
Care providers
- Nurse or paramedic	755	8.48	24.20	0.65
- Junior in training doctor	354	2.82	11.12	<0.001
- Medical officer or residents	713	8.93	25.06	0.07
Radiology
- Computerized tomography	267	16.11	36.70	<0.001
- X-rays	479	6.81	14.61	0.02

* P < 0.05 signifies that average costs were significantly different from others in at least one patient strata

ISSN: 1471-227X