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Table 4 Results summary 1 – trigger items

From: Application of the emergency medical services trigger tool to measure adverse events in prehospital emergency care: a time series analysis

Trigger Items

Trigger Item

Trigger (%)

Adverse Event (%)

Harm %

C1 - SpO2 < 94% without supplemental oxygen or < 85% without assisted ventilation

10 (5.2)

7 (3.6)

1 (0.5)

C2 - Change in systolic blood pressure > 20% from first measurement

108 (55.7)

14 (7.2)

4 (2.1)

C3 - Pain score > 4/10 without subsequent reduction

3 (1.5)

1 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

C4 - Temperature > 38 C without subsequent reduction

7 (3.6)

4 (2.1)

2 (1.0)

C5 - Increase in Early Warning Score > 1 point

62 (32.0)

27 (13.9)

1 (0.5)

M1 - Administration of opioid analgesic and Naloxone in the same patient

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

P1 - Inappropriate spinal immobilisation

4 (2.1)

4 (2.1)

0 (0.0)

R1 - Return to same patient within 24 h following refusal of transport

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)