Table 1 Demographics, comorbidities, clinical and laboratory data on hospital admission of the study population, according to the three study groups
Study population | Oxygen Group n = 273 | CPAP Group n = 788 | BiPAP Group n = 232 | p+ | p# | p§ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n. (%) | 1293 (100) | 273 (100) | 788 (100) | 232 (100) | |||
Demographics, n.(%) | |||||||
Age, median (IQR) years | 81 (73–86) | 80 (73–85) | 81 (73–86) | 80 (74–86) | 0.366 | 0.828 | 0.369 |
Female sex | 635 (49) | 137 (50) | 389 (49) | 107 (46) | 0.548 | 0.385 | 0.648 |
Comorbidities, n(%) | |||||||
COPD | 406 (31) | 92 (34) | 241 (31) | 72 (32) | 0.633 | 0.798 | 0.357 |
Diabetes | 495 (38) | 112 (41) | 292 (37) | 91 (39) | 0.482 | 0.549 | 0.294 |
Chronic kidney disease | 353 (27) | 87 (32) | 215 (27) | 51 (22) | 0.046 | 0.106 | 0.057 |
Hypertension | 974 (75) | 198 (72) | 594 (75) | 182 (78) | 0.306 | 0.336 | 0.227 |
Atrial fibrillation | 264 (20) | 64 (23) | 154 (20) | 46 (20) | 0.376 | 0.924 | 0.163 |
Congestive heart failure | 315 (24) | 67 (24) | 178 (23) | 70 (30) | 0.061 | 0.018 | 0.938 |
Coronary artery disease | 599 (46) | 134 (49) | 360 (46) | 105 (45) | 0.585 | 0.909 | 0.304 |
Valvulopaty | 300 (23) | 69 (25) | 193 (24) | 38 (16) | 0.024 | 0.009 | 0.361 |
ACPE in the previous 12 months | 295 (23) | 63 (23) | 178 (23) | 54 (23) | 0.970 | 0.826 | 0.908 |
Data on admission, n.(%) | |||||||
Systolic blood pressure, median (IQR) mmHg | 160 (140–190) | 159 (135–180) | 164 (140–190) | 162 (140–185) | 0.043 | 0.900 | 0.012 |
Diastolic blood pressure, median (IQR) mmHg | 90 (80–105) | 90 (75–100) | 95 (80–107) | 87 (75–100) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.025 |
Mean blood pressure, median (IQR) mmHg | 115 (98–131) | 113 (95–127) | 117 (99–133) | 113 (98–127) | 0.084 | 0.217 | 0.064 |
Hypotension* | 19 (1) | 4 (1) | 14 (2) | 1 (< 1) | 0.321 | 0.132 | 0.992 |
Heart rate, median (IQR) beats/min | 104 (90–120) | 100 (86–113) | 108 (95–120) | 102 (92–120) | 0.000 | 0.102 | 0.000 |
Respiratory rate, median (IQR) breaths/min | 34 (30–40) | 30 (26–36) | 35 (30–40) | 35 (30–40) | 0.000 | 0.824 | 0.000 |
Respiratory rate ε breaths/min, n. (%) | 568 (49) | 72 (29) | 374 (55) | 122 (53) | 0.000 | 0.620 | 0.000 |
pH, median (IQR) | 7.29 (7.20–7.37) | 7.37 (7.28–7.42) | 7.28 (7.20–7.35) | 7.23 (7.13–7.31) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
pH < 7.35, n. (%) | 862 (69) | 115 (44) | 550 (72) | 197 (87) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
PaCO2, median (IQR) mmHg | 47 (38–59) | 42 (35–51) | 47 (39–57) | 60 (45–72) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
PaCO2 ≤ 35 mmHg, n. (%) | 235 (18) | 74 (27) | 136 (17) | 25 (11) | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.000 |
PaCO2 ≥ 45 mmHg, n. (%) | 732 (58) | 116 (43) | 440 (57) | 176 (76) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
PaO2/FiO2 ratio, median (IQR) | 195 (134–247) | 209 (155–252) | 190 (128–248) | 181 (136–243) | 0.119 | 0.623 | 0.056 |
PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 200, n. (%) | 652 (51) | 116 (43) | 412 (54) | 124 (54) | 0.006 | 0.992 | 0.001 |
HCO3−, median (IQR) mmol/L | 22 (20–26) | 23 (20–26) | 22 (19–25) | 23 (20–26) | 0.004 | 0.042 | 0.009 |
HCO3− > 24 mEq/L | 415 (33) | 104 (38) | 226 (30) | 85 (37) | 0.011 | 0.045 | 0.025 |
Lactates, median (IQR) mmol/L | 2.2 (1.3–3.9) | 2 (1.1–3.1) | 2.3 (1.4–4) | 2.25 (1.2–4) | 0.070 | 0.573 | 0.026 |
Kelly scale > 3 | 61 (5) | 10 (4) | 27 (3) | 24 (11) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.452 |