Table 2 Descriptions of Biomarker Technologies and Outcomes
Study Details | Portability | Expertise and training requirements | Person interpreting output | Location (on scene; stationary ambulance; in transit) | Purpose, diagnostic accuracy, comparator and use of clinical scale | Physical invasiveness and time to acquire results | Acceptability: clinicians and/or patients | Impact on EMS clinician decisions or treatment provision | Impact on process (time metrics) or patient outcomes | Costs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Helsinki Ultra-acute Stroke Biomarker Study Lindsberg 2018 [22] Sub-type: Proteins | Portable with use of a vehicle | Expertise: EMS clinician Training: not reported | EMS clinician | In transit | Purpose: Diagnostic -Mimic -TIA -Ischaemia -Haemorrhage Diagnostic accuracy: Results not yet available Comparator: Definitive diagnosis Clinical Scale: none | Invasive Time to acquire results: not yet available | Not assessed | Destination: Results not yet available Treatment: Results not yet available | Time metrics: Not yet available Patient outcomes: will be evaluated using 3-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) | Not reported |
Purines for Rapid Identification of Stroke Mimics (PRISM) Shaw et al. 2019 [23] Sub-type: Purines (Metabolite) | Highly portable (hand-held) | Expertise: EMS clinician Training: Required | EMS clinician | On scene Stationary In transit | Purpose: Diagnostic -Mimic -TIA -Ischaemia -Haemorrhage Diagnostic accuracy: Results not yet available Comparator: Expert clinical opinion informed by brain imaging and/or other investigations Clinical scale: FAST | Invasive Time to acquire results: ~ 3–5 min | Results not yet available | Destination: Results not yet available Treatment: Results not yet available | Not yet available | Not reported |