Table 2 Summary of Findings for Comparison between Ketofol and Single-Agent
Ketofol compared to a single-agent for procedural sedation and analgesia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient or population: Procedural sedation and analgesia Intervention: Ketofol Comparison: Single agent | |||||
Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect (95% CI) | No. of participants (studies) | Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) | |
Risk with single agent | Risk with ketofol | ||||
Recovery time | The mean recovery time was 0 | MD 9.88 lower (14.3 lower to 5.46 lower) | – | 171 (2 RCTs) | ⊕ ⊕ ⊝⊝ LOW a b |
Satisfaction of clinician | Study population | RR 2.86 (0.64 to 12.69) | 186 (2 RCTs) | ⊕ ⊕ ⊝⊝ LOW b c | |
457 per 1000 | 1000 per 1000 (293 to 1000) | ||||
Airway obstruction | Study population | RR 0.72 (0.35 to 1.48) | 467 (2 RCTs) | ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ HIGH | |
72 per 1000 | 52 per 1000 (25 to 107) | ||||
Apnea | Study population | RR 0.90 (0.33 to 2.44) | 514 (2 RCTs) | ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ HIGH | |
30 per 1000 | 27 per 1000 (10 to 74) | ||||
Desaturation | Study population | RR 1.11 (0.64 to 1.94) | 771 (4 RCTs) | ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ HIGH | |
94 per 1000 | 104 per 1000 (60 to 182) | ||||
Nausea | Study population | RR 0.52 (0.19 to 1.41) | 642 (3 RCTs) | ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ HIGH | |
85 per 1000 | 44 per 1000 (16 to 120) | ||||
Vomiting | Study population | RR 0.63 (0.25 to 1.61) | 642 (3 RCTs) | ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ HIGH | |
104 per 1000 | 65 per 1000 (26 to 167) | ||||
*The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio. | |||||
GRADE (Working Group grades of evidence) High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited; the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect. Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect. | |||||