Table 1 Comparison of characteristics of patients with acute respiratory distress
From: The COVID-19 pandemic: the effect on airway Management in non-COVID emergency patients
Characteristics | pre-COVID (n = 360) | COVID (n = 333) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 71.3 + 14.8 | 68.7 + 16.8 | 0.03 |
Sex (male) | 191 (53.1) | 168 (50.5) | 0.49 |
Underlying disease | |||
Diabetes mellitus | 116 (32.2) | 105 (31.5) | 0.85 |
Hypertension | 238 (66.1) | 166 (49.8) | < 0.0001 |
Old cerebrovascular disease | 85 (23.6) | 46 (13.8) | 0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease or End stage kidney disease | 85 (23.6) | 69 (20.7) | 0.36 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 76 (21.6) | 50 (15.0) | 0.04 |
Asthma | 26 (7.2) | 39 (11.7) | 0.04 |
Coronary artery disease | 75(20.8) | 46(13.8) | 0.02 |
Cancer | 63 (17.5) | 69 (20.7) | 0.28 |
Do-not-intubate status | 107 (29.7) | 82 (24.6) | 0.13 |
Charlson comorbidity index | 5.5 + 2.8 | 5.0 + 2.6 | 0.01 |
Initial vital signs | |||
Body temperature, oC | 37.3 + 0.8 | 37.2 + 0.9 | 0.14 |
Pulse rate, beats/min | 102.8 + 23.3 | 104.7 + 25.9 | 0.32 |
Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 97.9 + 22.1 | 104.1 + 23.5 | < 0.0001 |
Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 32.1 + 66 | 32.4 + 6.0 | 0.49 |
Oxygen saturation, % | 92.2 + 6.7 | 90.4 + 9.7 | 0.003 |
SpO2/FiO2 ratio | 438 (395, 457) | 428 (383, 452) | 0.09 |
Diagnosis | |||
Community acquired pneumonia | 152 (42.2) | 139 (41.7) | 0.90 |
Hospital acquired pneumonia/ health-care associated pneumonia | 51 (14.2) | 39 (11.7) | 0.34 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 67 (18.6) | 42 (12.6) | 0.03 |
Asthma | 20 (5.6) | 34 (10.2) | 0.02 |
Congestive heart failure | 66 (18.3) | 67 (20.1) | 0.55 |
Volume overload | 9 (2.5) | 20 (6) | 0.02 |
Pleural effusion | 0 (0) | 11 (3.3) | 0.001 |
Pulmonary embolism | 0 (0) | 4 (1.2) | 0.04 |
Chronic lung disease | 11 (3.0) | 9 (2.7) | 0.23 |
Management | |||
Bronchodilator | |||
Nebulizer | 200 (55.6) | 57 (17.1) | < 0.0001 |
Metered-dose inhaler | – | 48 (14.4) | |
Initial respiratory intervention | |||
Oxygen cannula | 140 (38.9) | 126 (37.8) | 0.112 |
Oxygen mask with reservoir bag or collar | 99 (27.5) | 84 (25.2) | |
High-flow nasal cannula | 5 (1.4) | 2 (0.6) | |
Non-invasive ventilator | 10 (2.8) | 5 (1.5) | |
Endotracheal tube | 27 (7.5) | 23 (6.9) | |
Rescue intervention | |||
High-flow nasal cannula | 10 (2.8) | 4 (1.2) | 0.33 |
Non-invasive ventilator | 12 (3.3) | 10 (3.0) | |
Endotracheal tube | 28 (7.8) | 26 (7.8) | |
Complications | |||
Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) | 16 (4.4) | 10 (3.0) | 0.002 |
Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) | 19 (5.3) | 9 (2.7) | |
Septic shock | 17 (4.7) | 12 (3.6) | |
HAP, VAP and shock | 17 (4.7) | 5 (1.5) | |
ED disposition | |||
Admit general ward/ICU | 178 (49.4) | 165 (49.5) | 0.001 |
Admit isolation ward for COVID-19 | – | 18 (5.4) | |
Observation room | 66 (18.3) | 61 (18.3) | |
Discharge | 63 (17.5) | 51 (15.3) | |
Refer | 26 (7.2) | 23 (6.9) | |
Death | 27 (7.5) | 15 (4.5) | |
Outcome | |||
ED length of stay, hour | 6.5 (4, 14.8) | 5 (3, 10) | < 0.0001 |
Hospital length of stay, day | 4 (1, 9) | 4 (1, 7) | 0.13 |