Table 1 Characteristics, management and outcomes of patients with traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest according to the type of transportation to the hospital, Vietnam, February 2014–December 2018

Hospital participated

n = 111

n = 48

n = 34

n = 29

 Bach Mai hospital, no. (%)

33 (29.7)

13 (27.1)

19 (55.9)

1 (3.4)

 Hue hospital, no. (%)

26 (23.4)

21 (43.8)

3 (8.8)

2 (6.9)

 Cho Ray hospital, no. (%)

52 (46.8)

14 (29.2)

12 (35.3)

26 (89.7)

Patient related

n = 111

n = 48

n = 34

n = 29

 Age (year), mean (SD)

39.27 (16.38)

38.31 (14.74)

40.71 (17.59)

39.17 (17.91)

 Gender, no. (%)

n = 111

n = 48

n = 34

n = 29

  Male

92 (82.9)

40 (83.3)

28 (82.4)

24 (82.8)

  Female

19 (17.1)

8 (16.7)

6 (17.6)

5 (17.2)

 Past medical history, no. (%)

n = 67

n = 23

n = 27

n = 17

  Heart disease

2 (3.0)

1 (4.3)

1 (3.7)

0

  Diabetes

2 (3.0)

0

2 (7.4)

0

  Hypertension

6 (9.0)

2 (8.7)

4 (14.8)

0

  Renal disease

2 (3.0)

1 (4.3)

0

1 (5.9)

  Respiratory disease

1 (1.5)

1 (4.3)

0

0

  Other

9 (13.4)

2 (8.7)

7 (25.9)

0

 Location type, no. (%)

n = 111

n = 48

n = 34

n = 29

  Home residence

20 (18.0)

11 (22.9)

8 (23.5)

1 (3.4)

  Healthcare facility

4 (3.6)

0

4 (11.8)

0

  In EMS/Private ambulance

6 (5.4)

0

5 (14.7)

1 (3.4)

  Industrial place

8 (7.2)

2 (4.2)

2 (5.9)

4 (13.8)

  Street/Highway

69 (62.2)

32 (66.7)

14 (41.2)

23 (79.3)

  Transport center

4 (0.9)

0

1 (2.9)

0

  Other

3 (2.7)

3 (6.3)

0

0

 Time of the day, no. (%), n = 60

34 (56.7)

6 (54.5)

15 (65.2)

13 (50.0)

 Arrest witnessed by, no. (%)

n = 93

n = 30

n = 34

n = 29

  Not witnessed

22 (23.7)

14 (46.7)

7 (20.6)

1 (3.4)

  Bystander (Lay person)

10 (10.8)

8 (26.7)

1 (2.9)

1 (3.4)

  Bystander (Family)

5 (5.4)

0

4 (11.8)

1 (3.4)

  Bystander (Healthcare provider)

14 (15.0)

8 (26.7)

5 (14.7)

1 (3.4)

  EMS/Private ambulance

42 (45.2)

0

17 (50.0)

25 (86.2)

 First arrest rhythm, no. (%)

n = 30

–

n = 21

n = 9

  Shockable rhythm^b

19 (63.3)

not available

14 (66.7)

5 (55.6)

  Unshockable rhythm

11 (36.7)

not available

7 (33.3)

4 (44.4)

  Bystander CPR, n = 95

32 (33.7)

0

19 (55.9)

13 (44.8)

  Prehospital defibrillation, n = 30

6 (20)

not available

3 (14.3)

3 (33.3)

  Bystander AED applied, n = 111

2 (1.8)

0

1 (2.9)

1 (3.4)

 ED defibrillation performed, no. (%), n = 111

6 (5.4)

1 (2.1)

4 (11.8)

1 (3.4)

 Resuscitation attempted by EMS/private ambulance, no. (%), n = 53

29 (54.7)

not available

20 (58.8)

9 (47.4)

 Time to CPR at scene (min), mean (SD), n = 20

2.68 (5.66)

not available

2.53 (4.74)

2.95 (7.52)

 Pharmacotherapy, no. (%)

n = 111

n = 48

n = 34

n = 29

  Epinephrine (at scene)

27 (24.3)

0

19 (55.9)

8 (27.6)

  Epinephrine (at ED)

101 (91.0)

44 (91.7)

30 (88.2)

27 (93.1)

 Prehospital advanced airway, no. (%), n = 30

27 (90.0)

not available

18 (85.7)

9 (100)

 Advanced airway used at ED, no. (%), n = 111

65 (58.6)

35 (72.9)

12 (35.3)

18 (62.1)

  Hypothermia therapy initiated, n = 111

2 (1.8)

0

2 (5.9)

0

 ROSC, no. (%)

n = 111

n = 48

n = 34

n = 29

  ROSC at scene/en-route,

20 (18.0)

0

14 (41.2)

6 (20.7)

  ROSC at ED,

16 (14.4)

6 (12.5)

5 (14.7)

5 (17.2)

 Outcome of patient at ED, no. (%)

n = 111

n = 48

n = 34

n = 29

  Died in ED

104 (93.7)

47 (97.9)

30 (88.2)

27 (93.1)

  Admitted

7 (6.3)

1 (2.1)

4 (11.8)

2 (6.9)

 Patient status, no. (%)

n = 7

n = 1

n = 4

n = 2

  Died in the hospital

1 (14.3)

0

0

1 (50.0)

  Remains in hospital at 30th day post arrest

0

0

0

0

  Discharged alive

6 (85.7)

1 (100)

4 (100)

1 (50.0)

 Post arrest CPC 1 and 2, no. (%), n = 111

1 (0.9)

0

1 (2.9)

0