Table 2 Characteristics, management and outcomes of patients with traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest according to survival to hospital discharge, Vietnam, February 2014–December 2018

Hospital participated

n = 111

n = 105

n = 6

 Bach Mai hospital, no. (%)

33 (29.7)

30 (28.6)

3 (50.0)

 Hue hospital, no. (%)

26 (23.4)

25 (23.8)

1 (16.7)

 Cho Ray hospital, no. (%)

52 (46.8)

50 (47.6)

2 (33.3)

 Age (year), mean (SD), n = 111

39.27 (16.38)

39.0 (16.41)

44.00 (16.51)

 Gender, no. (%)

n = 111

n = 105

n = 6

  Male

92 (82.9)

58 (82.9)

5 (83.3)

  Female

19 (17.1)

18 (17.1)

1 (16.7)

 Past medical history, no. (%)

n = 67

n = 61

n = 6

  Heart disease

2 (3.0)

2 (3.3)

0

  Diabetes

2 (3.0)

2 (3.3)

0

  Hypertension

6 (9.0)

4 (6.6)

2 (33.3)

  Renal disease

2 (3.0)

2 (3.3)

0

  Respiratory disease

1 (1.5)

1 (1.6)

0

  Other

9 (13.4)

7 (11.5)

2 (33.3)

 Location type, no. (%)

n = 111

n = 105

n = 6

  Home residence

20 (18.0)

17 (16.2)

3 (50.0)

  Healthcare facility

4 (3.6)

3 (2.9)

1 (16.7)

  In EMS/Private ambulance

6 (5.4)

6 (5.7)

0

  Industrial place

8 (7.2)

8 (7.6)

0

  Street/Highway

69 (62.2)

67 (63.8)

2 (33.3)

  Transport center

1 (0.9)

1 (1.0)

0

  Other

3 (2.7)

3 (2.9)

0

 Time of the day, no. (%), n = 60

34 (56.7)

31 (54.4)

3 (100)

 Arrest witnessed by, no. (%)

n = 93

n = 87

n = 6

  Not witnessed

22 (23.7)

21 (24.1)

1 (16.7)

  Bystander (Lay person)

10 (10.8)

10 (11.5)

0

  Bystander (Family)

5 (5.4)

4 (4.6)

1 (16.7)

  Bystander (Healthcare provider)

14 (15.1)

12 (13.8)

2 (33.3)

  EMS/Private ambulance

42 (45.2)

40 (46.0)

2 (33.3)

 First arrest rhythm, no. (%)

n = 30

n = 28

n = 2

  Shockable rhythm^b

19 (63.3)

17 (60.7)

2 (100)

  Unshockable rhythm

11 (36.7)

11 (39.3)

0

  Bystander CPR, n = 95

32 (33.7)

30 (33.7)

2 (33.3)

  Prehospital defibrillation, n = 30

6 (20.0)

5 (17.9)

1 (50.0)

  Bystander AED applied, n = 111

2 (1.8)

2 (1.9)

0

 ED defibrillation performed, no. (%), n = 111

6 (5.4)

6 (5.7)

0

 Types of prehospital transportation, no. (%)

n = 111

n = 105

n = 6

  Private or public  transport

48 (43.2)

47 (44.8)

1 (16.7)

  Private ambulance

34 (30.6)

30 (28.6)

4 (66.7)

  EMS

29 (26.1)

28 (26.7)

1 (16.7)

 Resuscitation attempted by EMS/private ambulance, no. (%), n = 53

29 (54.7)

27 (56.3)

2 (40.0)

 Time to CPR at scene (min), mean (SD), n = 20

2.68 (5.66)

2.03 (4.99)

15

 Pharmacotherapy, no. (%)

n = 111

n = 105

n = 6

  Epinephrine (at scene)

27 (24.3)

25 (23.8)

2 (33.3)

  Epinephrine (at ED)

101 (91.0)

96 (91.4)

5 (83.3)

 Prehospital advanced airway, no. (%), n = 30

27 (90.0)

25 (89.3)

2 (100)

 Prehospital advanced airway techniques, no. (%)

n = 27

n = 25

n = 2

  Oral/Nasal ET

26 (96.3 )

24 (96.0)

2 (100)

  LMA

1 (3.7)

1 (4.0)

0

 Advanced airway used at ED, no. (%), n = 111

65 (58.6)

62 (59.0)

3 (50.0)

 Post-resuscitation care, no. (%)

n = 111

n = 105

n = 6

  Hypothermia therapy initiated

2 (1.8)

0

2 (33.3)

 Outcome of patient at ED, no. (%)

n = 111

n = 105

n = 6

  Died in ED

104 (93.7)

104 (99.0)

0

  Admitted

7 (6.3)

1 (1.0)

6 (100)

 Patient status, no. (%)

n = 7

n = 1

n = 6

  Died in the hospital

1 (14.3)

1 (100)

0

  Remains in hospital at 30th day post arrest

0

0

0

  Discharged alive

6 (85.7)

0

6 (100)

 Post arrest CPC 1 and 2, no. (%)

1 (0.9)

0

1 (16.7)