Emergency department visits and trends related to cocaine, psychostimulants, and opioids in the United States, 2008–2018

Table 3 Associations between drug type and chief presenting concerns among national emergency department visits related to cocaine, psychostimulant, or opioid use, 2008–2018

	Psychiatric chief concerns		Neurologic chief concerns		Cardiopulmonary chief concerns		Drug toxicity/ withdrawal chief concerns
	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI
*Unadjusted analyses*
Drug
Cocaine	1.32	0.85–2.21	0.99	0.51–1.95	3.52	2.34–5.31	0.60	0.42–0.87
Psychostimulants	2.99	2.04–4.39	1.03	0.49–2.17	2.12	1.26–3.58	0.49	0.32–0.76
Opioid	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
*Adjusted analyses*
Drug
Cocaine	1.37	0.85–2.21	1.05	0.87–2.28	2.95	1.70–5.13	0.83	0.52–1.35
Psychostimulants	2.69	1.83–3.95	0.92	0.36–2.37	2.46	1.42–4.26	0.47	0.30–0.73
Opioid	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref

Source: National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Visits were mutually exclusive for drug type, as visits associated with two or more drug-categories were excluded. Chief presenting concerns defined using top three “reason for visit” codes. Visits could contribute to more than one category of chief presenting concerns. Adjusted analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and homelessness. OR Odds Ratio, CI confidence interval

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