Table 1 Comparison of general characteristics, laboratory values, intensive care measures and outcome parameters between intoxicated patients and other ICU patients from the eICU database

Age (years) – median (IQR)

66 (54-77)

41 (29-53)

<0.001*

Age category

-

-

<0.001*

 Age <65 years

47% (49,725)

92% (3,934)

-

 Age 65-79 years

33% (35,431)

6% (246)

-

 Age ≥80 years

20% (20,842)

2% (87)

-

Sex

-

-

<0.001*

 Female

45% (48,213)

55% (2,333)

-

 Male

54% (57,757)

45% (1,929)

-

 Other

0% (7)

0% (0)

-

 Unknown

0% (19)

0% (3)

-

BMI (kg/m²) – median (IQR)

28 (23-33)

26 (23-31)

<0.001*

BMI categories (WHO)

-

-

<0.001*

 BMI <18.5 kg/m²

4% (4,617)

4% (160)

-

 BMI 18.5 to <25 kg/m²

30% (30,747)

36% (1,468)

-

 BMI 25 to <30 kg/m²

29% (30,027)

30% (1,224)

-

 BMI ≥30 kg/m²

37% (38,416)

31% (1,261)

-

Ethnicity

-

-

<0.001*

 African American

12% (12,399)

8% (324)

-

 Asian

1% (1,491)

1% (45)

-

 Caucasian

78% (81,375)

83% (3,462)

-

 Hispanic

4% (4,133)

3% (112)

-

 Native American

1% (693)

1% (54)

-

 Other/Unknown

5% (4,762)

4% (162)

-

SOFA score (pts.) – median (IQR)

4 (2-6)

3 (1-5)

<0.001*

APACHE-IV (pts.) – median (IQR)

52 (38-70)

37 (26-54)

<0.001*

Laboratory values – median (IQR)

-

-

-

Maximum lactate day 1 (mmol/L)

1.9 (1.2-3.3)

1.6 (1.0-2.5)

<0.001*

First lactate >2 mmol/L

40% (12,699)

35% (324)

<0.001*

Maximum creatinine day 1 (mg/dL)

1.0 (0.8-1.6)

0.8 (0.7-1.0)

<0.001*

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

11.2 (9.5-12.8)

12.4 (11.3-13.6)

<0.001*

Platelets (G/L)

192.0 (144.0-249.0)

210.0 (169.0-256.0)

<0.001*

Leucocytes (G/L)

10.4 (7.5-14.5)

8.7 (6.5-11.6)

<0.001*

Diagnosis category

-

-

<0.001*

 ACS

8% (8,343)

0% (0)

-

 ARF

2% (1,932)

0% (0)

-

 Asthma/Emphysema

4% (3,948)

0% (0)

-

 CABG

5% (4,771)

0% (0)

-

 CHF

5% (5,592)

0% (0)

-

 CVA

9% (9,758)

0% (0)

-

 CV (others)

3% (3,593)

0% (0)

-

 Cardiac Arrest

9% (9,135)

0% (0)

-

 Coma

2% (2,082)

0% (0)

-

 DKA

4% (4,384)

0% (0)

-

 GI bleeding

7% (7,277)

0% (0)

-

 GI obstruction

1% (1,232)

0% (0)

-

 Neurological

4% (4,640)

0% (0)

-

 Overdose

0% (0)

100% (4,267)

-

 Pneumonia

4% (4,577)

0% (0)

-

 Respiratory (others)

8% (7,970)

0% (0)

-

 Sepsis

17% (18,087)

0% (0)

-

 Trauma

6% (5,884)

0% (0)

-

 Valvular Disease

3% (2,793)

0% (0)

-

Intensive care measures

-

-

-

Mechanical ventilation

24% (25,280)

26% (1,118)

<0.001*

Vasopressor use

15% (15,994)

5% (197)

<0.001*

Dialysis (first three days)

4% (2,048)

3% (36)

0.26

Outcome

-

-

-

AKI

6% (4,745)

2% (49)

<0.001*

LOS (hours)

45 (24-82)

28 (18-46)

<0.001*

LOS >7 days

9% (9,521)

3% (111)

<0.001*

ICU mortality

6% (6,827)

0% (21)

<0.001*

Hospital mortality

10% (10,661)

1% (32)

<0.001*