Table 2 Comparison of patient characteristics among those with sepsis based on sepsis diagnosis to intravenous fluid administration time within the first 24 h in the emergency department (N = 2300)
|  | Sepsis Diagnosis to fluid administration time (hours), N = 2300 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group |  < 1 h (n = 856) | 1- < 3 h (n = 702) | 3- < 6 h (n = 442) | 6- < 24 h (n = 300) | P-value |
Age, median (IQR) years | 70 (52 to 82) | 73 (57 to 83) | 77 (63 to 85) | 76 (66 to 85) |  < 0.001 |
Men N (%) | 470 (55) | 365 (52) | 232 (52) | 160 (53) | 0.690 |
Weight, median (IQR), kg | 72 (60 to 89) | 72 (60 to 88) | 72 (62 to 86) | 75 (61 to 91) | 0.340 |
Charlson Comorbidity Score Mean (SD) | 0.52 (1.12) | 0.56 (1.11) | 0.71 (1.27) | 0.80 (1.42) | 0.003 |
Triage Category N (%) | |||||
 1 | 108 (13) | 36 (5) | 16 (4) | 12 (4) |  < 0.001 |
 2 | 500 (58) | 367 (52) | 198 (45) | 140 (47) |  < 0.001 |
 3–5 | 248 (29) | 299 (43) | 228 (52) | 148 (49) |  < 0.001 |
Presentation Hour N (%) | |||||
 0700-1500 h | 437 (51) | 321 (46) | 226 (51) | 145 (48) | 0.002 |
 1500-2300 h | 302 (35) | 301 (43) | 173 (39) | 115 (38) | 0.001 |
 2300-0700 h | 117 (14) | 80 (11) | 43 (10) | 40 (13) |  < 0.001 |
mSOFA score, Median (IQR) | 3.0 (2.0 to 4.0) | 3.0 (2.0 to 4.0) | 3.0 (2.0 to 4.0) | 3.0 (2.0 to 4.0) | 0.002 |
Lactate, Median (IQR), mmol/L | 2.0 (1.4 to 3.0) | 1.8 (1.3 to 2.6) | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.3) | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.4) |  < 0.001 |
Lowest SBP, Median (IQR), mmHg | 99 (87 to 111) | 103 (93 to 115) | 105 (95 to 119) | 106 (98 to 123) |  < 0.001 |
Septic Shock N (%) | |||||
 Yes | 131 (16) | 65 (9) | 22 (5) | 10 (3) |  < 0.001 |
 No | 712 (84) | 629 (91) | 408 (95) | 286 (97) |  < 0.001 |
ICU Admission N (%) | |||||
 Yes | 90 (11) | 66 (9) | 22 (5) | 25 (8) |  < 0.001 |
 No | 766 (89) | 636 (91) | 420 (95) | 275 (92) | 0.009 |
Clinical Rapid Response Alert Activated N (%) | |||||
 0 | 625 (73) | 565 (80) | 362 (82) | 253 (84) | 0.053 |
 1 | 175 (20) | 107 (15) | 68 (15) | 43 (14) | 0.152 |
 2 | 46 (5) | 28 (4) | 11 (2) | 4 (1) |  < 0.001 |
 3 | 10 (1) | 2 (0) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) |  < 0.001 |
On Immunosuppressants N (%) | |||||
 Yes | 2 (0) | 7 (1) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.053 |
 No | 854 (100) | 695 (99) | 441 (100) | 300 (100) | 0.800 |
On Steroids N (%) | |||||
 Yes | 9 (1) | 12 (2) | 8 (2) | 5 (2) | 0.630 |
 No | 847 (99) | 690 (98) | 434 (98) | 295 (98) | 0.783 |
Antibiotic administration time, Median (IQR), hours | 0.20 (0.0 to 1.0) | 0.85 (0.1 to 2.7) | 1.75 (0.6 to 3.7) | 3.35 (1.4 to 7.25) |  < 0.001 |
Total Volume of fluids administered within first 24 h, Median (IQR), mL | 1750 (1000 to 2952) | 1250 (976 to 2138) | 1000 (530 to 1800) | 735 (320 to 1016) |  < 0.001 |
Hospital Site N (%) | |||||
 Larger Hospitals | 505 (59) | 465 (66) | 311 (70) | 246 (82) |  < 0.001 |
 Smaller Hospitals | 351 (41) | 237 (34) | 131 (30) | 54 (18) |  < 0.001 |