Table 3 Factors associated with receiving intravenous fluids among sepsis patients presenting to the emergency department

Age

5-year decrease

1.05 (1.03 to 1.08)

1.05 (1.03 to 1.07)

1.05 (1.03 to 1.07)

 < 0.001

Men

vs Women

0.96 (0.83 to 1.11)

0.93 (0.79 to 1.08)

Triage Category

 3–5

1.0 (Ref)

1.0 (Ref)

1.0 (Ref)

 2

1.31 (1.12 to 1.52)

1.09 (0.92 to 1.28)

1.11 (0.94 to 1.3)

0.240

 1

1.62 (1.2 to 2.18)

1.23 (0.87 to 1.73)

1.22 (0.87 to 1.71)

0.217

mSOFA score

1- unit increase

1.12 (1.06 to 1.18)

0.94 (0.87 to 1.02)

1.11 (0.99 to 1.18)

0.172

Lactate

1 mmol/L increase

1.21 (1.14 to 1.29)

1.07 (1.0 to 1.14)

1.05 (0.98 to 1.12)

0.179

Charlson Comorbidity Score

1-unit increase

0.94 (0.89 to 1.0)

0.97 (0.92 to 1.03)

0.91 (0.82 to 1.01)

0.216

Septic shock

Yes

vs No

5.31 (3.6 to 7.82)

1.94 (1.25 to 3.0)

1.83 (1.15 to 2.9)

0.011

ICU admission

Yes

vs No

01.26 (0.98 to 1.61)

0.92 (0.69 to 1.23)

Presentation hour

 0700-1500 h

1.0 (Ref)

1.0 (Ref)

 1500-2300 h

1.14 (0.96 to 1.35)

1.13 (0.94 to 1.35)

 2300-0700 h

0.99 (0.78 to 1.26)

0.97 (0.75 to 1.26)

Lowest Systolic BP

5 mmHg decrease

1.14 (1.12 to 1.17)

1.1 (1.09 to 1.13)

1.11 (1.08 to 1.13)

 < 0.001

On Immunosuppressants

Yes

vs No

0.44 (0.19 to 1.04)

0.4 (0.15 to 1.08)

0.38 (0.15 to 0.96)

0.037

On Steroids

Yes

vs No

0.87 (0.51 to 1.49)

1.02 (0.54 to 1.95)

Antibiotic administration time

1-h increase

0.99 (0.98 to 0.99)

0.99 (0.98 to 1.0)

0.99 (0.98 to 1.00)

0.007

Hospital Sites

Smaller Hospitals

vs larger hospitals

1.28 (1.09 to 1.49)

1.35 (1.14 to 1.6)

1.48 (1.25 to 1.75)

 < 0.001

Clinical Rapid Response Alert Activated

1- unit increase

2.41 (1.97to 2.95)

1.54 (1.2 to 1.98)

1.64 (1.28 to 2.11)

 < 0.001

AUC

0.695

N = 3094